What does this mean

1
What does this mean?

• ???????????
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ????????

2
Chapter 11

• Section 4 5-
• From DNA to Protein Synthesis

3
One Gene- One Polypeptide

• One gene, one polypeptide hypothesis states that
  a single gene codes for the making of a single
  protein (polypeptide)- this is not always true

4
Information Flow

• DNA contains the information to make proteins
  and is located inside the nucleus and cannot
  leave
• Proteins are made in the ribosomes in the
  cytoplasm
• How can we get the information to the ribosomes?

5
Information Flow-DNA to RNA

• Answer our cells make a copy of DNA called RNA
  (ribonucleic acid)

6
Information Flow-DNA to RNA

• The process of making a RNA copy of DNA is called
  transcription

7
Differences between DNA RNA

• DNA
• 2 strands
• A, T, C, G
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Stays in the nucleus

• RNA
• 1 strand
• A, U, C, G (thymine is replaces with uracil)
• Ribose sugar
• Moves out of nucleus to the ribosome

8
Information Flow-RNA to Protein

• RNA carries the code out to the ribosomes so that
  the proteins get made
• At the ribosome, the code is translated into a
  protein through the process of translation

9
Translation

• Codons (three base sequences) are translated into
  amino acids.
• Each codon stands for a particular amino acid.

10
Translation

• Each DNA codon is paired with its complementary
  RNA codon and the chart at the right interprets
  these codons

11
(No Transcript)
12
Lets Practice
13
Were you correct?
14
Thursday, April 10, 2008

• Do Now- have out translation worksheet from
  yesterday
• 1. Review translation
• 2. Notes 11.6
• 3. Study guides
• HW- Study guides

15
Chapter 11

• Section 6- Mutations can change the meaning of
  genes

16
Mutations

• Mutations are any change in the sequence of the
  bases of DNA
• They can affect the DNA base or large sections of
  a chromosome

17
2 Types of Mutations

• Base substitutions
• Replace one base with another base
• Base deletions/insertions
• Omit or add one base to the sequence

18
Causes of Mutations

• Mutagens- physical or chemical substances that
  cause mutations
• Examples radiation, chemicals, x-rays

19
Are mutations always bad?

• No- some mutations are beneficial
• Mutations can however be passed onto to offspring

Swallowtail Butterfly