Instructional Design

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Instructional Design

• How the instruction itself looks!

Source http//www.uri.edu/artsci/lsc/Faculty/Cars
on/528/CDT.ppt
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Component Display TheoryCDT

• David Merrill
• Micro Theory - single lessons

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G-E-P

• Generality
• Example
• Practice
• (with Feedback)

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What is a Generality?

• knowledge that can be applied in a number of
  specific situations
• should define, describe or explain

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Example An adjective is a word with a noun or
noun equivalent to describe something about that
noun or equivalent.
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What are Examples?

• specific applications of that knowledge in
  different situations

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• Examples
• tall building
• strong desire
• long game
• It is great.

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What is a Practice Item?

• a way of applying knowledge in new situations

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Underline the adjective in the following
sentences.

• She likes green cars.
• He has a happy face.
• Bill is very hungry.

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What is Practice Feedback?

• information given to the student after doing a
  practice item
• must include whether the work was correct or
  not, and if incorrect what was done wrong,
  and how to do it correctly
• should come after every practice item,
• should come immediately after each practice item

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• That was a good try but very is not an adjective
  in this sentence, hungry is an adjective because
  it describes something about Bill.
• Excellent, green is an adjective because it
  describes something about the car. Youre really
  doing well!

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Four Levels of Knowledge

• Remember an instance - recall Exp memorize
  5x630
• Remember a generality - recall Exp define an
  adjective
• Use a generality - application Exp Underline
  an adjective in this sentence
• Find a generality - discovery Exp Why do
  earthquakes occur?

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Four Basic Types of Knowledge

• Facts
• Concepts
• Principles
• Procedures

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Performance-Content Matrix
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Whats a Fact?

• arbitrarily associated pieces of information
• proper names, a date or an event the name of a
  place

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• Example
• Ralph Klein is the premier of Alberta.

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What is a Concept?

• a set of examples that share common
  characteristics
• must have two or more examples
• must have label super-ordinate
  concept common characteristics
• objects, events, ideas

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• Example
• A sonnet is a poem that has
• 14 lines, a fixed verse and a rhyme scheme that
  expresses a single theme or idea.

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Whats a Principle?

• a change relationship that happens with
  regularity
• usually a cause-effect relationship
• must have label describe one kind
  of change describe a relationship describe
  another kind of change

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• Example
• The law of supply and demand states that in a
  free market a rise in the price of a good will
  cause a decline in demand and a rise in the
  supply of that good, (and conversely that a
  decline in the price of a good will cause a rise
  in demand for and a decline in the supply of that
  good.)

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Whats a Procedure?

• an ordered set of actions that are intended to
  achieve a goal
• often referred to as a technique, skill or method
• must have label goal ordered
  set of actions

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• Example
• To subtract whole numbers without borrowing,
• 1. go to right-most column,
• 2. use subtraction facts for whole numbers fro 0
  to 9 to subtract in that column,
• 3. go to next column,
• 4. repeat steps 2 and 3 until all columns have
  been done.

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Primary Presentation Form for Use a Generality

• G-E-P

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Secondary Presentation Components

• Ways to enrich Primary Presentation Forms

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Ways to enrich a Generality

• alternative representation
• attention-focusing devices
• memory devices

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Alternative Representation

• Presents the complete generality in a different
  way
• Examples diagrams paraphrased
  verbal statements writing on the chalkboard
  in addition to speaking

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Attention-Focusing Devices

• Direct the students attention to the most
  important aspects of the generality
• Examples underline or
  boldface exploded portions of a
  diagram zoom-in in a film emphasis in
  speech formatting (numbering,
  bulleting) arrows color

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Memory Devices

• A way to help remember the generality
• Examples rhymes or
  songs sayings mneumonics (chunking
  devices)

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Ways to enrich an Example

• example divergence
• easy-to-difficult order
• matched non-example
• attention-focusing devices

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Example Divergence

• Make each example as different as possible
• A. use innate differences Example ma
  mmal man, woman, female child, male
  child, dog, cat, cow, mouse, elephant, whale
  
• B. use alternative representations Exa
  mples names, descriptions, graphics,
  photographs

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Easy-to-Difficult Order

• start with the easiest and move to the next most
  difficult
• Example mammals dog, cat, cow,
  mouse, elephant, whale

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Matched Non-example

• A. is not an example of the generality of
  interest
• B. is as similar as possible
• present simultaneously
• point out common errors
• Be Careful

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Matched Non-example

• A. is not an example of the generality of
  interest
• B. is as similar as possible
• present simultaneously
• point out common errors
• Be Careful
• Example Convex Lens
  Example Non-example

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Attention-Focusing Devices

• Direct the students attention to the most
  important aspects of the example
• Examples underline or
  boldface exploded portions of a
  diagram zoom-in in a film emphasis in
  speech formatting (numbering,
  bulleting) arrows color

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Ways to enrich a Practice Item

• Practice divergence easy-to-difficult
  order
• Feedback attention-focusing devices

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Practice Divergence

• Make each practice item as different as possible
• A. use innate differences Example ma
  mmal man, woman, female child, male
  child, dog, cat, cow, mouse, elephant, whale
• B. use alternative representations Exa
  mples names, descriptions, graphics,
  photographs

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• C. use alternative response modes Examp
  les identify vs. describe vs. produce, etc.

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Easy-to-Difficult Order

• start with the easiest and move to the next most
  difficult practice item
• Example mammals man, woman,
  female child, male child, dog, cat, cow,
  mouse, elephant, whale

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Attention-Focusing Devices

• Direct the students attention to the most
  important aspects when providing
  feedback Examples underli
  ne or boldface exploded portions of a
  diagram zoom-in in a film emphasis in
  speech formatting (numbering,
  bulleting) arrows color

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CDT

• G-E-P(F)
• Primary Presentation Forms
• Secondary Presentation Components
• Use as a guide, not as a rule!