Verbs

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Verbs
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Action verbs are classified as transitive or
intransitive.

• Transitive verbs cannot complete their meaning
  without the help of a direct object.
• Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object,
  or to put it another way, they do not need an
  object to complete their meaning.

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Some verbs can be transitive in one context
intransitive in another.
The secretary opened the letter. (transitive)
This shop opens at noon. (intransitive with no
direct object)
Lefty runs a chop shop out of his garage.
(transitive)
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The triathlete runs at least seven miles every
day (intranstive).
The quarterback will retire at the end of next
year. (transitive)
The pitcher retired the side in order.
(intransitive)
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Voice

• Voice tells whether the verb is active or
  passive. In the active voice, the subject
  performs the action of the verb. In the passive
  voice, the subject receives the action.
• He drove the car into the side of the house.
  (active)
• The car was driven by him into the side of the
  house. (passive)

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• Alvin had spent all his money on lottery tickets.
  
• All Alvins money had been spent on lottery
  tickets.
• Voice is relevant only for verbs that can be
  transitive, since there needs to be an agent
  (performing the action) and the subject (being
  acted upon).

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VoiceThe two part analysis

• 1) What is the action, who is doing it, and what
  is being acted upon?
• 2) Is the actor or thing acted upon the subject
  (Nominative Case)?

If the actor is the subject, the voice is
active. If the thing acted upon is the subject,
the voice is passive.
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transitive intransitive verbs

• Transitive verbs cannot complete their meaning
  without the help of a direct object. The verb is
  something that someone does to something or
  someone else
• I keep a spare key under the floor mat.
• He will write a series of articles
• You bought a good used car.

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transitive intransitive verbs

• Intransitive verbs are verbs capable of
• expressing themselves without requiring an
• object to complete their meaning.
• The squirrel fell out of the tree.
• The baby is sleeping.
• Everyone was dancing.

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How does this relate to Voice?

• With transitive verbs verbs that convey their
  action to objects you can use active or
  passive.
• If the subject acts, the verb is active.
• If the subject is acted upon, the verb is
  passive.
• The scientist observed the lemurs behavior.
  (active)
• The lemurs behavior was observed by scientists.
  (passive)

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Simple Present Passive

• THIRD PRINCIPAL PART
• (with present of to beam, are, is)

I am sent you are sent (s)he is sent
we are sent you are sent they are sent
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Present Progressive Passive

• THIRD PRINCIPAL PART
• (with am, are, is being)

I am being sent you are being sent (s)he is
being sent
we are being sent you are being sent they are
being sent
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Imperfect-Past Progressive
The imperfect (past progressive) is used to
talk about an activity that was in progress at a
specific point of time in the past.
I was being tutored while you were partying. The
two events were being held simultaneously.
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Imperfect-Past Progressive
The imperfect is used to show that one action
was in progress when another action took place.
I was being interviewed when the fire alarm went
off. The band was being led onto the field, but
it started to rain.
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Imperfect Active

• This is the PRESENT PARTICIPLE
• with was/were

I was taking you were taking (s)he was taking
we were taking you were taking they were taking
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Imperfect Passive Singular

I WAS BEING taken you WERE BEING
taken he/she/it WAS BEING taken
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Imperfect Passive Plural

We WERE BEING taken you WERE BEING taken they
WERE BEING taken
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Future Passive

.... WILL BE carried .... SHALL BE carried
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Simple Past-Preterite
We use the simple past to indicate exactly
when an action or event took place in the past.
My car was towed yesterday. Dinner was not
served until 730.
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Simple Past Passive

• This is the THIRD PRINCIPAL PART
• with was/were

I was helped you were helped (s)he was helped
we were helped you were helped they were helped
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(Present) Perfect
The present perfect is used to talk about an
event that began in the past and continues up to
the present.
For the last several years, her research has been
supported by grants from the federal government
(and still is).
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(Present) Perfect

• This is the THIRD PRINCIPAL PART
• with has/have been

we have been led you have been led they have
been led
I have been led you have been led (s)he has
been led
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(Present) Perfect
The present perfect is also used to talk
about an event that was completed in the past,
affects the current action or attitude, but does
not indicate a specific time in the past.
I have been warned by several people. He has been
recognized for his service.
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Principal Parts
didaskw
1st singular present active indicative
I teach I am teaching I do teach
didacw
1st singular future active indicative
I will teach I shall teach
e0di/daca
1st singular aorist active indicative
I taught
e0didaxqhn
1st singular aorist passive indicative
I was taught
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Principal Parts
poreu/omai
1st singular present middle indicative
I go I am going I do go
poreu/somai
1st singular future middle indicative
I will go I shall go
1st singular aorist middle indicative
e0poreusamhn
I went
e0poreu/qhn
1st singular aorist passive indicative
I went
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Augment

• The imperfect and aorist tenses add what is
  called augment at the beginning of the verb.
• If the first letter of the verb is a consonant,
  the augment is e.
• If the first letter of the verb is a vowel, the
  augment is a lengthening of the vowel.
• In compound verbs the augment comes after the
  prefix

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Augment
Present Passive
Aorist Passive
grafetai
e0grafh
swzomeqa
e0swqhmen
qerapeu/h
e1qerapeu/qhj
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Augment
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
a!gontai
h1xqhsan
e9toi/mazesqe
h9toimasqhte
ble/pomai
w!fqhn
from now extinct verb beginning in omicron
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Augment
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
a)poktei/netai
a)pe/ktanqhn
sunagomeqa
sunh/xqhmen
e0kballomai
e0ce/blh/qhn
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Tense Sign
The First Aorist Tense sign is theta (usually)
eta qh Sometimes the consonant in front of
the q changes
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Athematic
The Aorist Passive is ATHEMATIC The endings are
added directly to the h
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Pers./Num.
Pronoun
Aorist Passive End.
1st sing.
I
-n
2nd sing.
you
-j
3rd sing.
he/she/it
- -
1st plur.
we
-men
2nd plur.
you
-te
3rd plur.
they
-san
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AORIST PASSIVE
Singular
Plural
Number Person
First
e0pe/mfqhn
e0pe/mfqhmen
Second
e0pe/mfqhj
e0pe/mfqhte
Third
e0pe/mfqh
e0pe/mfqhsan
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AORIST PASSIVE
Singular
Plural
Number Person
First
h0kou/sqhn
h0kou/sqhmen
Second
h0kou/sqhj
h0kou/sqhte
Third
h0kou/sqh
h0kou/sqhsan
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Consonants
Class
Smooth
Middle
Rough
Order
Labial
p
b
f
Dental
t
d
q
Palatal
k
g
x
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Labial Rough Dental
When a LABIAL is followed by a DENTAL it will
be the same ORDER as the DENTAL
The base of pe/mpw ends in p But in the aorist
passive it becomes e0pe/mfqhn
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Labial Rough Dental
When a LABIAL is followed by a DENTAL it will
be the same ORDER as the DENTAL
The base of lambanw ends in b But in the aorist
passive it becomes e0lh/mfqhn
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Palatal Rough Dental
When a PALATAL is followed by a DENTAL it will
be the same ORDER as the DENTAL
The base of didaskw ends in k But in the aorist
passive it becomes e0didaxqhn
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Palatal Rough Dental
When a PALATAL is followed by a DENTAL it will
be the same ORDER as the DENTAL
The base of a!gw ends in g But in the aorist
passive it becomes h1xqhn
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Dental Rough Dental
When a DENTAL is followed by a DENTAL it often
changes to a sigma
The base of pei/qw ends in q But in the aorist
passive it becomes e0pei/sqhn
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The Future Passive
The sign of the Future Passive is sigma The
Future Passive is THEMATIC The thematic vowel
and ending are added to the s
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Pers./Num.
Pronoun
Thematic Vowel Ending
1st sing.
I
-omai
2nd sing.
you
-h
3rd sing.
he/she/it
-etai
1st plur.
we
-omeqa
2nd plur.
you
-esqe
3rd plur.
they
-ontai
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FUTURE SINGULAR
Middle
Passive
Number Person
a)kou/somai
a)kousqh/somai
First
a)kou/sh
a)kousqh/sh
Second
a))kou/setai
a)kousqh/setai
Third
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FUTURE PLURAL
Middle
Passive
Number Person
a)kousomeqa
a)kousqhsomeqa
First
a)kou/sesqe
a)kousqh/sesqe
Second
a))kou/sontai
a)kousqh/sontai
Third
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FUTURE SINGULAR
Middle
Passive
Number Person
didacomai
didaxqh/somai
First
didach
didaxqh/sh
Second
didacetai
didaxqh/setai
Third
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FUTURE PLURAL
Middle
Passive
Number Person
didacomeqa
didaxqhsomeqa
First
didacesqe
didaxqh/sesqe
Second
didacontai
didaxqh/sontai
Third