The ocean wildlife'

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The ocean wildlife.

• What is there in that vast ocean?

By Rachel Kent and Cameron Gonet
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Life in the Oceans Objectives

• Ocean Chemistry and Marine Life
• Sunlight and Marine Life
• Ocean Environments

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Life in the Oceans

• From fossils we know that life started in the
  oceans more than 3 billion years ago
• Marine organisms have changed to match the
  changes in the physical and chemical properties
  of the oceans
• Most marine organism depend on two major factors
  for their survival
• Essential nutrients available in seawater
• Sunlight

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Ocean Chemistry and Marine Life

• Marine plants and animals take nutrients and
  dissolved gasses from the water and return other
  nutrients and gasses
• Nearly all ocean life is regulated by the life
  processes of plants, the oceans primary
  producers
• Plants absorbed carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
  sulfur, but there is too much of these substances
  for plants to diminish
• They also absorb nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon
  which are far less abundant
• Areas that are depleted of nutrients are barren
  of plants

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Ocean Chemistry (continued)

• Organism absorb nutrients and store them in their
  tissues. When the die, bacteria breakdown tissues
  and the nutrients return to the water
• Nutrients are pulled by gravity away from the
  surface to the bottom where nutrients
  concentrations are highest
• For the nutrients to be used to support life in
  the sunlit zone again, the nutrients have to be
  transported to the surface
• Transport occurs two ways
• Upwelling occurs when surface water is blown
  offshore and is replaced by deeper water
• Wave and tide action cause deep water to mix with
  surface water

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Upwelling
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Sunlight and Marine Life

• All plants and many microscopic organisms require
  sunlight, so plant growth is restricted to the
  upper 100 meters of the ocean
• Deeper than 100 M there is not enough light to
  sustain photosynthesis
• Where there is enough light there is usually an
  abundance of two types of plankton
• Phytoplankton (plants) which use photosynthesis
  for energy
• Zooplankton (animals) which feed upon
  phytoplankton

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Sunlight (continued)

• Plankton are eaten by nekton, which are organisms
  that can swim and hunt for food
• Fish, squid dolphins are all nekton
• Plankton are consumed primarily by small fish and
  squid which are, in turn, eaten by larger
  animals
• Organisms that live on the bottom are called
  benthos
• Sea anemones, corals, crabs and oysters are all
  benthos

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Organisms
Plankton
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Nekton
Larval Fish
Humpback Whale
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NOT IN THE BOOK

• Until the discovery of deep, geothermal vents off
  the Galapagos Islands, it was thought that all
  life on earth depended on energy derived from the
  sun through photosynthesis
• The discovery of chemoautotrophic organisms
  living on chemical energy coming from the vents
  changed that theory

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A Chemoautotroph Ecosystem
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Ocean Environments

• Two general environments in the ocean
• Benthic or bottom
• Intertidal zone shallowest with most light
• Sublittoral Zone shallow, always submerged
• Bathyal Zone Begins at Continental Slope to
  4,000 M
• Abyssal Zone No light, 4,000 to 6000 M
• Hadal Zone Deeper than 6,000 M, confined to
  Ocean trenches
• Pelagic or water
• Neritic Zone Water column above the Continental
  Shelf, with abundant sunlight and moderate
  temperatures
• Oceanic Zone Extends into the deep and open
  ocean waters beyond the Continental Shelf
• Epipelagic Zone, Mesopelagic Zone, Bathypelagic
  Zone and Abyssolpelagic Zone

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The End
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Chapter 21.3 Section Objectives

• Describe three important resources of the ocean.
• Explain the threat to ocean life posed by water
  pollution

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Vocabulary Words

• Distillation Extraction of salt in salt water
  by boiling it.
• Aquaculture The farming of the ocean
  Developing and raising special breeds of marine
  animals and plants that yield large amounts of
  food.

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Fresh Water from the Ocean
Throughout the world the need for fresh water is
increasing rapidly. The increasing demand for
water can be met in two ways. First, the fresh
water now available can be conserved to avoid
waste. Second, the amount of available fresh
water can be increased. The water supply can be
increased by finding ways to convert ocean water
to fresh water.
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Continued
Distillation is one means of getting fresh water
from the ocean, which involves boiling the water.
Heat causes the liquid water to evaporate,
leaving dissolved salts behind. However,
evaporating liquid involves a great deal of heat
and consistency of heat. Another method of
desalinating ocean water involves freezing the
water. When water freezes, the first ice crystals
that form are free of salt. The salt remains in
pockets of liquid water in the ice. The ice can
be removed and melted to obtain fresh water.
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Food from the Ocean
Of all the resources that the ocean is capable
of supplying, the one in greatest demand is
protein-rich food. At this time a large part of
the population of the world has a starchy diet.
Such a diet can maintain life, but the lack of
protein to build strong tissues decreases the
ability of a persons body to fight disease.
Perhaps half a billion people in the world suffer
from some form of disease caused by a lack of
protein in their diet. In the future
aquaculture, the farming of the ocean, will
become an important part source of food
production. Aquaculture involves developing and
raising special breeds of marine animals and
plants that yield large amounts of food.
Aquaculture has already been used to successfully
grow catfish, salmon, oysters, and shrimp on
large aquatic farms.
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Ocean-Water Pollution
The oceans have been used as a dumping ground
for many kinds of wastes, including garbage,
sewage, and nuclear wastes. Until recently, most
wastes were diluted, or destroyed as they spread
throughout the ocean. But the growth of the world
population and the increased use of more toxic
substances have changed the situation. The
ability of the ocean to absorb waists and renew
its self cannot match the increasing amount of
waste that is being produced worldwide.
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Continued

• Productive coastal waters are in the greatest
  danger. Pollution has destroyed clam and oyster
  beds in some local areas. Sea birds have been
  found tangled in plastic products. Beaches have
  been closed because of sewage, medical wastes,
  and oil washed onto the sand.

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THE ENDOR IS IT??!!!
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OMG A HAMSTER BALL!!!!
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