Myers PSYCHOLOGY 7th Ed

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

• Chapter 8
• Learning
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

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Learning

• Learning
• relatively __________ change in an organisms
  behavior due to ________

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Association

• We learn by association
• Our minds naturally connect events that occur in
  sequence
• Aristotle 2000 years ago
• John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago
• Associative Learning
• learning that ___ events occur together
• two stimuli
• a response and its consequences

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Association
Event 1
Event 2

• Learning to _________ two events

Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock
Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy
antics
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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

• We learn to associate two stimuli

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Operant Conditioning

• We learn to associate a response and its
  ___________

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Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov
• 1849-1936
• Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
• Nobel Prize in 1904
• studied _________ secretions

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Pavlovs Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
UCS (food in mouth)
Neutral stimulus (tone)
No salivation
UCR (salivation)
During Conditioning
After Conditioning
UCS (food in mouth)
CS (tone)
Neutral stimulus (tone)
UCR (salivation)
CR (salivation)
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Classical Conditioning

• Pavlovs device for recording salivation

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning
• organism comes to associate two stimuli
• a neutral __________ that signals an
  unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a
  ________ that anticipates and prepares for the
  unconditioned stimulus

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Behaviorism

• John B. Watson
• viewed psychology as objective science
• generally agreed-upon consensus today
• recommended study of _________ without reference
  to unobservable _______ processes
• not universally accepted by all schools of
  thought today

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Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• stimulus that unconditionally--___________ and
  naturally--triggers a response
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• _________, naturally occurring response to the
  unconditioned stimulus
• salivation when food is in the mouth

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Classical Conditioning

• Conditioned __________ (CS)
• originally irrelevant stimulus that, after
  _________ with an unconditioned stimulus, comes
  to trigger a ___________ response
• Conditioned _________ (CR)
• learned response to a previously ________
  conditioned stimulus

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Classical Conditioning

• Acquisition
• the ________ stage in classical conditioning
• the phase associating a ________ stimulus with an
  unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral
  stimulus comes to elicit a _________ response
• in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a
  reinforced response

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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning

• Extinction
• diminishing of a __
• in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not
  follow a CS
• in operant conditioning, when a response is no
  longer reinforced

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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning

• Spontaneous Recovery
• _________, after a rest period, of an
  extinguished CR
• Generalization
• tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit
  __________ responses

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Classical Conditioning

• Discrimination
• in classical conditioning, the learned ability to
  ________ between a CS and other stimuli that do
  not signal a UCS

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Generalization
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Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
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Operant Conditioning

• Operant Conditioning
• type of learning in which behavior is ________ if
  followed by reinforcement or ____________ if
  followed by punishment
• Law of ___________
• Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by
  __________ consequences become more likely, and
  behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences
  become less likely

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Operant Conditioning

• Operant Behavior
• ________ (acts) on environment
• produces ____________
• Respondent Behavior
• occurs as an automatic response to stimulus
• behavior learned through _________ conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• elaborated Thorndikes Law of Effect
• developed _________ technology

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Operant Chamber

• Skinner Box
• chamber with a bar or key that an animal ________
  to obtain a food or water ________
• contains devices to record _________

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Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcer
• any event that _________ the behavior it follows
• Shaping
• operant conditioning procedure in which
  reinforcers guide behavior toward closer
  _______________ of a desired goal

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Operant Conditioning
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Principles of Reinforcement

• ___________ Reinforcer
• innately reinforcing stimulus
• i.e., satisfies a biological need
• ______________ Reinforcer
• stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through
  its _________ with primary reinforcer
• secondary reinforcer

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous Reinforcement
• reinforcing the desired response ______time it
  occurs
• __________(Intermitent) Reinforcement
• reinforcing a response only part of the time
• results in slower ______________
• greater resistance to ____________

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Fixed __________ (FR)
• reinforces a response only after a ___________
  number of responses
• faster you respond the more rewards you get
• different ___________
• very ______ rate of responding
• like piecework pay

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Variable Ratio (VR)
• reinforces a response after an ___________ number
  of responses
• ___________ ratios
• like gambling, fishing
• very hard to __________ because of
  unpredictability

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Fixed ___________ (FI)
• reinforces a response only after a specified
  _______ has elapsed
• response occurs more ________ as the anticipated
  time for reward draws near

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Variable ____________ (VI)
• reinforces a response at _________ time intervals
• produces slow __________ responding
• like pop quiz

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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Punishment

• Punishment
• aversive event that ________ the behavior that it
  follows
• powerful controller of unwanted behavior

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Punishment
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning

• _________ Map
• mental representation of the ______ of ones
  environment
• Example after exploring a maze, rats act as if
  they have learned a cognitive map of it
• __________ Learning
• learning that occurs, but is not apparent until
  there is an ________ to demonstrate it

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Latent Learning
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning

• ___________Effect
• the effect of promising a _______ for doing what
  one already likes to do
• the person may now see the reward, rather than
  intrinsic interest, as the __________ for
  performing the task

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Cognition and Operant Conditioning

• _________ Motivation
• Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and
  to be effective
• ____________ Motivation
• Desire to perform a behavior due to promised
  rewards or threats of punishments

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Operant vs Classical Conditioning
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Observational Learning

• Observational Learning
• learning by __________ others
• Modeling
• process of _______ and _________ a specific
  behavior
• ____________ Behavior
• positive, constructive, helpful behavior
• opposite of ____________ behavior

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Observational Learning

• Mirror Neurons
• frontal ____ neurons that fire when performing
  certain actions or when observing another doing
  so
• may enable ________, _________ ______, and empathy