Myers

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

• Chapter 12
• Motivation
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

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Motivation

• Motivation
• a need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior
• Instinct
• complex behavior that is rigidly patterned
  throughout a species and is unlearned

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Motivation

• Drive-Reduction Theory
• the idea that a physiological need creates an
  aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an
  organism to satisfy the need

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Motivation

• Homeostasis
• tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
  internal state (similar to the thermostat on the
  wall!)
• regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around
  a particular level (set pt)
• Incentive
• a positive or negative environmental stimulus
  that motivates behavior

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization needs Need to live up to ones
fullest and unique potential

• begins at the base with physiological needs that
  must first be satisfied
• then higher-level safety needs become active
• then psychological needs become active

Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement,
competence, and independence need
for recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be
loved, to belong and be accepted need to avoid
loneliness and alienation
Safety needs Need to feel that the world is
organized and predictable need to feel safe,
secure, and stable
Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and
thirst
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Motivation-Hunger

• Glucose
• the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
• provides the major source of energy for body
  tissues
• when its level is low, we feel hunger

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Motivation-Hunger

• Set Point
• the point at which an individuals weight
  thermostat is supposedly set
• when the body falls below this weight, an
  increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate
  may act to restore the lost weight
• Basal Metabolic Rate
• bodys base rate of energy expenditure

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Motivation-Hunger

• The hypothalamus controls eating and other body
  maintenance functions

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Motivation-Hunger
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Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa
• when a normal-weight person diets and becomes
  significantly (gt15) underweight, yet, still
  feeling fat, continues to starve
• usually an adolescent female
• Bulimia Nervosa
• disorder characterized by episodes of overeating,
  usually of high-calorie foods, followed by
  vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive
  exercise

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Womens Body Images
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Sexual Motivation

• Sexual Orientation
• an enduring sexual attraction toward members of
  either ones own gender (homosexual orientation)
  or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

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8 an hour to learn----

• Paying Students To Learn
• By Bridget Gutierrez Tuesday, January 22, 2008
• The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
• With metro Atlanta public schools regularly
  offering goodies such as MP3 players and bikes
  to encourage students to attend classes,
  perhaps it was only a matter of time local
  educators decided to bait kids with cold hard
  cash.
• According to a media advisory e-mailed to
  reporters this morning, Fulton County Schools
  will announce a new Learn Earn initiative
  Thursday that will test the hypothesis that
  extrinsic motivation (pay for attendance and
  participation) will improve academic
  performance.
• Seriously, folks. Im not making this up.
• For 15 weeks, 40 selected eighth-graders from
  Bear Creek Middle School and 11th-graders from
  Creekside High School both in Fairburn will
  be paid to attend free after-school tutoring in
  math and science.

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(pp 330-331 in ch 8)

• Intrinsic Motivation
• Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and
  to be effective
• Extrinsic Motivation
• Desire to perform a behavior due to promised
  rewards or threats of punishments

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(330-1 in text)

• Overjustification Effect
• the effect of promising a reward for doing what
  one already likes to do
• the person may now see the reward, rather than
  intrinsic interest, as the motivation for
  performing the task

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Motivation at Work

• Flow
• a completely, involved, focused state of
  consciousness, with diminished awareness of self
  and time, resulting from optimal engagement of
  ones skills
• Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
• the application of psychological concepts and
  methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

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Motivation at Work

• Achievement Motivation
• a desire for significant accomplishment
• for mastery of things, people, or ideas
• for attaining a high standard

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Motivation

• Theory X
• assumes that workers are basically lazy,
  error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
  
• workers should be directed from above
• Theory Y
• assumes that, given challenge and freedom,
  workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and
  to demonstrate their competence and creativity

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Motivation

• Task Leadership
• goal-oriented leadership that sets standards,
  organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
• Social Leadership
• group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork,
  mediates conflict, and offers support