TAXONOMY

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TAXONOMY

• SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION
• taxa arrangement -to put in
  order
• nomialaw

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ARISTOTLE

• First recorded classification
  system
• Based on physical characteristics
• Designated 2 divisions
• Plants
• animals

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ARISTOTLEs PLANTS

• THREE DIVISIONS
• plants with soft stems HERBACEOUS
• SHRUBS with several woody stems (bushes)
• Single woody stem (trees)

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ARISTOTLEs ANIMALS

• THREE DIVISIONS
• AIR DWELLERS
• WATER DWELLERS
• LAND DWELLERS

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CAROLUS LINNAEUSKarl von Linne

• Father of modern taxonomy
• Based on MORPHOLOGY
• Study of form and structure
• Responsible for BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Bitwo
• nominalis belonging to a name
• calator to call
• Scientific name (Species name)
• Using 2 names for identification
• Genus species
• Species name species identifier

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Why the need for binomial nomenclature?

• Common names are confusing
• differ by geographic area
• differ internationally

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RULES FOR CHOOSING SCIENTIFIC NAME

• International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
  ------ governing body
• Must be descriptive
• Must be in Latin
• Must have 2 names
• genus species

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Why LATIN?

• Universal scientific language at that time
• Seldom used / does not change
• Today universally accepted by scientists

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RULES FOR WRITING A SCIENTIFIC NAME

• Must use 2 words
• Genus must be first / species second
• Genus is capitalized / species lowercase
• Entire name must be
• underlined
• bold
• italics

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CAROLUS LINNAEUS

• Designated 2 kingdoms
• Kingdom ANIMALIA latin
• Kingdom PLANTAE latin

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MODERN KINGDOMS

• Resulted from the invention of the microscope
• Electron microscope developed in late 1950s
• Enabled the viewing of bacteria

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SIX MODERN KINGDOMS

• CARL WOESE (University of Illinois)
• 1977 PROPOSED to divide Kingdom Monera into 2
  new kingdoms
• 1990 INTRODUCED 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM

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DOMAINS
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Domain Archaea

• Kingdom Archaebacteria
• prokaryotic
• unicellular
• autotrophic
• chemosynthetic

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Kingdom Archaebacteria
p.462

• Methanogen
• converts hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide
  into methane gas
• Anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
• Found in sewage / swamp mud /human and cow
  intestines

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Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Halophile
• Halo salt phile loving
• high salt concentration
• found in Great Salt Lake / Dead Sea

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Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Thermoacidophile
• VERY high temperature
• VERY high acid concentration
• Hydrothermal vents

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Domain Bacteria

• Kingdom Eubacteria
• eu true
• prokaryotic
• unicellular
• autotrophic / heterotrophic
• photosynthetic / chemosynthetic

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Domain Bacteria

• Classified by shape
• Three basic shapes
• Bacillus
• Rod shape
• Coccus
• Sphere shape
• spirilla
• Spiral / corkscrew shape
• Escherichia coli E. coli

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DOMAIN EUKARYA

• EUKARYOTIC
• Cells have a nucleus and organelles

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Kingdom Protista

• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular
• Autotrophic / Heterotrophic
• Photosynthetic / chemosynthetic
• Euglena / paramecium / ameoba

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Kingdom Fungi

• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular / Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• saprophytic
• (feeds on dead or decaying material)
• Cell walls of chitin
• Mushrooms / slime mold

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Kingdom Plantae

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic
• photosynthetic
• Cell walls made of cellulose

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Kingdom Animalia

• Eukaryotic
• multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• No cell walls

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CAROLUS LINNAEUS

• 7 major taxa taxon
• classification groupings

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Modern Linnaean system

• DOMAIN broadest Daring
• KINGDOM King
• PHYLUM Paul
• CLASS Called
• ORDER Over
• FAMILY For
• GENUS Georges
• SPECIES smallest Sword

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EIGHT MAJOR TAXA

• DOMAIN broadest world
• KINGDOM continent
• PHYLUM country
• CLASS state
• ORDER county
• FAMILY city
• GENUS zip code
• SPECIES smallest address

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ClassificationLubber Grasshopper

• Domain Eukarya
• KINGDOM Animalia
• PHYLUM Arthropoda
• arthro jointed poda -- feet
• CLASS Insecta (Hexapoda)
• hexa six poda--feet

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Lubber Grasshopper

• ORDER Orthoptera
• ortho straight optera -- wing
• FAMILY Acrididae
• GENUS Romalea
• SPECIES microptera
• micro-small optera-wing

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Questions