ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PART TWO

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ANIMAL BEHAVIORPART TWO

• Michelle Maurer

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Animal Cognition

• Cognition- is the ability of an animals nervous
  system to perceive, store, process, and use
  information gathered by sensory receptors.
• Cognitive Ethology- The study of animal
  cognition, it examines the connection between an
  animals nervous system and its behavior.

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Kinesis and Taxis

• Kinesis- is a change in an animals activity or
  traveling speed because it is responding to a
  stimulus.
• Taxis- is a movement toward or away from a
  certain stimulus.

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QUIZ

• An example of kinesis would be??

An animal running away from a predator
A termite following a line drawn by an ink pen
A grasshopper hopping
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Correct continue to Next Slide
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Migration Behaviors

• Migration is when an animal repeatedly travels a
  long distance at the same times every year. An
  example is Canadian Geese flying south for the
  winter and north for the summer.
• When animals migrate they use three mechanisms to
  find their way to their destination.

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3 Mechanisms of Migration

• Piloting is when an animal will find its way by
  moving from one familiar land mark to another.
• Orientation is when an animal detects compass
  direction and travels in particular path until
  they reach there destination.
• Navigation is the most complicated and the animal
  uses orientation along with using its present
  location to determine its relative position to
  other locations.

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QUIZ

• A bird migrating to breeding grounds and
  wintering rounds is an example of which type of
  migration???

Piloting
Navigation
Orientation
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Correct continue to Next Slide
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Social Behavior and Sociobiology

• Social Behavior- any kind of interaction between
  two or more animals usually of the same species.
• Sociobiology- applies evolutionary theory to the
  study and interpretation of social behavior.

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Agonistic Behavior

• It is when two animals compete to determine which
  competitor would gain access to certain things
  like food and possibly a mate. Many of these
  fights do not consist of tests of strength but of
  displays that can make them look fierce or
  larger than they actually are. Most of the events
  that take place in the battles are rituals and
  rarely ever harm the competitors.

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QUIZ

• Which of the following would be an example of
  Agnostic Behavior???

Two stallions fighting for the right to mate with
the mares.
Two monkeys fighting over a banana.
Siblings fighting over clothes
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Dominance Hierarchies

• Dominance hierarchies are when animals determine
  a pecking order. One animal is the alpha which is
  the highest ranking animal and controls the other
  animals action.

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QUIZ

• Which of the following have a pecking order????

Chickens
Dogs
Cats
All of them
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Territory

• An animals territory is an area that an
  individual defends, usually it is the dominate
  male of the group and he marks the territory and
  then uses that area to mate and to hunt.

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QUIZ

• Which of the Following is a form of marking
  territory???

A bird flying in a certain area
A cat eating all the mice that enter its
territory.
A animal peeing on a rock.
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Courtship

• It is when animals display certain behavior
  patterns that can lead to the coupling of two
  animals of the same species.

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Parental Investment

• It is the amount of time and resources that a
  parent must use to produce and then nurture their
  offspring.

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Mating Systems

• There are three different types of mating
  systems Promiscuous, monogamous, and
  polygamous,.
• Promiscuous is when there is not a lasting
  relationship or a strong bond.
• Monogamous is when one male mates with one
  female.
• Polygamous is when an individual of one sex mates
  with many individuals of the other sex, this
  comes in two types Polygyny and polyandry.
• Polygyny is when a single male mates with many
  females
• Polyandry is when a single female mates with many
  males.

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QUIZ

• Morning Doves which mate for life display what
  type of mating system???

Polygamous
Promiscuous
Monogamous
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Correct continue to Next Slide
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Communication

• Signal- in the world of behavioral ecology a
  signal is a behavior that causes a change in the
  behavior of another animal.
• Communication- is the transmission or even the
  receiving and response to the signal, which then
  makes up communication.

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Modes of Communication

• Animals can communicate using the following
• Visual
• Auditory
• Tactile
• Electrical
• Chemical (olfactory)
• Pheromones.

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QUIZ

• Honey bees will communicate using pheromones what
  kind of communication is that???

Electrical
Visual
Chemical
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Altruism

• Altruism is considered by many scientists to be
  unselfish behavior while agonistic is a selfish
  behavior.
• For example some animals sound an alarm when a
  predator is near this alerts others but also
  gives the predator the location of the animal
  that sounded the alarm.

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Altruistic Behavior

• Inclusive fitness- total effect an individual
  has on proliferating its genes by producing its
  own offspring and by providing aid that enables
  other close relatives to increase the production
  of their offspring.
• Hamilton's Rule- for natural selection to favor
  altruistic behavior the benefits of the
  recipient, devalued by the coefficient of
  relatedness, must exceed the cost of the
  altruistic act.
• Kin Selection- a phenomenon of inclusive fitness,
  used to explain altruistic behavior between two
  related animals
• Reciprocal Altruism- Altruistic behavior between
  two unrelated individuals, where the altruistic
  individual will benefit in the future when the
  beneficiary will reciprocate the altruistic
  behavior

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QUIZ

• A Wolf taking in orphaned wolf pups that are not
  related to them is an example of what kind of
  behavior??

Altruistic
Migration
Agonistic
Communication
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Correct continue to Next Slide