Japan

1
Japans Foreign Policy and Regionalism
Historical Perspective

• June 1, 2006
• Regional Anatomy I
• Ken JIMBO

2
Regionalism in Asia-Pacific / East AsiaPolitical
Security Dimension
1) April 13 Overview and Introduction What is
Regionalism? 2) April 20 Regionalism Regional
Integration 3) April 27 Regionalism in Asia 4)
May 11 East Asian Community and East Asian
Summit 5) May 18 New Dynamics of Security in
East Asia 6) May 24 Terrorism and
Counter-Terrorism Regional Perspective 7) June
1 Japans Foreign Policy and Regionalism 1)
3
Japan and the Region
Geo-politics The links and causal relationships
between political power and geographic space
?Oyvind Osterud, The Uses and Abuses of
Geopolitics, Journal of Peace
Research, no. 2, 1988

• Geo-politics and Japan
• Eastern end of Eurasia continent
• Distant from continental powers (China, Russia)
• Monsoon climate
• Maritime power

4
Historical Perspective of Region A View from
Japan 1)

• Early Meiji-Era
• Territorial Sovereignty
• Mainland (Honshu), Shikoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido,
  Okinawa, Chishima
• Sino-Japan War / Japan-Russo War
• Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
• Liaodong(??)Peninsula
• Taiwan
• The Pescadores (????)
• Treaty of Portsmouth (1904)
• Southern Sakhalin (???)
• Lease of Manchuria Railroad (????)

5
Historical Perspective of JapanA View from Japan
2)

• Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere(??????)
• Japanese Claim
• Attempts by Japan to create a self-sufficient
  bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and
  free of Western powers
• Japanese Annexation and Colonization
• Manchuria (1905-)
• Korea (1910-)
• Eastern China
• Indo-China Peninsula
• Borneo, New Guinea, Solomon, Guadalcanal

6
San Francisco System

• San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951)
• The document officially renounces rights to
  Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), (Hong Kong), the Kuril
  Islands, the Pescadores, Spratly Islands,
  Antarctica and the Sakhalin Island.
• Article 3 of the treaty formally put the Ryukyu
  Islands, which included Okinawa, and the Amami,
  Miyako, and Yaeyama island groups, under U.S.
  trusteeship. (The Amami Island group was
  eventually ceded back in 1953, and Ryukyus in
  1972)
• Japan-US Security Treaty (1951, Revised in 1960)
• ARTICLE V Each Party recognizes that an armed
  attack against either Party in the territories
  under the administration of Japan would be
  dangerous to its own peace and safety and
  declares that it would act to meet the common
  danger in accordance with its constitutional
  provisions and processes
• ARTICLE VI For the purpose of contributing to
  the security of Japan and the maintenance of
  international peace and security in the Far East,
  the United States of America is granted the use
  by its land, air and naval forces of facilities
  and areas in Japan.

7
Post-War Economic Outreach

• Official Development Assistance (ODA)
• Origins
• The ODA started on October 5, 1954, when Japan
  joined the Colombo Plan
• Establishment of JICA/OECF
• Quasi- War Compensation
• Burma, Philippines, Indonesia
• Commercial Liberalism
• Promotion of Exporting Japanese Goods
• Korean War (1950-)
• Light Industry to Heavy Industry

8
Divided Notion of Asia

• Historical Debate
• Leaving Asia, Entering Europe
• Rich Nation, Strong Army
• Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
• Post-War China Question
• Pro-China Group
• Pro-Taiwan Group

9
1955 Regime and Divided Concept of Region

• Conservatives vs Reformist
• Liberal Democratic Party
• Yoshida Doctrine / Japan-US Security Treaty
• Japan Socialist Party
• Non-Military / Neutrality
• Logic of Stability in 55 Regime
• Pre-Determined Harmony
• Economic Development / Low-key Posture on Defense
  Policy
• Re-Distribution Policy
• Sub-urban develoment, social security,
  progressive taxation

• Cf. Post-War Italian Politics
• Christian Democratic Party
• Italian Communist Party

10
Nixon Doctrine and Japan 1)

• Nixon Doctrine (1969,1970)
• First, the United States will keep all of its
  treaty commitments.
• Second, we shall provide a shield if a nuclear
  power threatens the freedom of a nation allied
  with us or of a nation whose survival we consider
  vital to our security.
• Third, in cases involving other types of
  aggression, we shall furnish military and
  economic assistance when requested in accordance
  with our treaty commitments. But we shall look to
  the nation directly threatened to assume the
  primary responsibility of providing the manpower
  for its defense.
• Sato-Nixon Joint Statement (1969)
• stated that the security of the Republic of
  Korea was essential to Japan's own security
• the maintenance of peace and security in the
  Taiwan area was also important for peace and
  security of Japan

11
Nixon Doctrine and Japan 2)

• Japan-China Rapprochement
• Nixon-Kissinger Visit (1970-71)
• Japan-China Normalization (1972)
• Japan-Korea Cooperation
• Industrial Cooperation (POSCO)
• Non-Lethal Heavy Industy
• Japan-ASEAN Cooperation
• Tanaka Visit (1974)
• Fukuda Doctrine (1977)

New Dimension of Japans Asia Policy
12
Wake of Regionalization in Asia

• De Facto Economic Integration
• Japans Economic Success
• Foreign aid, trade, investment and technology
  transfer
• Flying Geese Model (Kojima, 2001)
• Production Networks
• Fragmentation Model
• Production Cycle Model (R. Vernon, 1966)
• Benefit of export-oriented late comer

13
Production Networks of Japanese Firms

• Fragmentation Model (F. Kimura, 1993)

14
Rise of Regionalization

• Asia-Pacific Regional Framework and Japan
• APEC
• 1989 Member of APEC
• 1994 Bogor Declaration
• ARF
• 1991 Nakayama Proposal
• 1994 Member of ARF

15
Rise of Regionalization

• East Asia
• ASEAN3
• East Asian Summit
• Northeast Asia
• Six-Party Talks
• North East Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD)