BIOLOGY Chapter 1

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BIOLOGYChapter 1
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Where did life come from?

• A mixture of logic and magic.
• Biosphere
• The part of the earth in which organisms live.
• Land, water, and air.
• Aristotle (300 BC) and ethers.
• Spontaneous generation recipes.

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Spontaneous Generation
Recipes

• Bees (p. 22) ---------- Dead bulls
• Flies ------------------- Rotting meat
• Mice ------------------ Dirty rags
• Geese ----------------- River banks
• Salamanders --------- Wood and Fire

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Francesco Redis Experiment

• In 1668 in Italy.
• Disproved spontaneous generation.
• Proved flies dont come from rotting meat.
• (OVERHEAD 1)

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BIOGENESIS

• Life only comes from existing life.

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5 Properties of Life

• Organization.
• Energy.
• Growth and Development.
• Reproduction.
• Response and Adaptation.

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1st Property Organization

• 1. Atoms Made up of protons, neutrons,
  electrons.
• 2. Molecules 2 or more atoms.
• 3. Cells Smallest unit capable of life
  functions.
• 4. Tissues Muscle, skin, nerve, bone, etc.
• 5. Organs Heart, lungs, stomach.
• 6. Organ Systems Digestive, respiratory, etc.
• 7. Individuals.

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Organization, cont.

• 7. Individuals.
• 8. Populations A group of similar organisms
  living in the same place.
• 9. Communities Groups of different populations
  living in the same place.
• 10. Ecosystems All communities in an area plus
  the nonliving factors.

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Organization (small to big)

• Atoms

- Molecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Individuals
- Populations
- Communities
- Ecosystem
.
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5 Properties of Life

• Organization.
• 2. Energy.

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2nd Property Energy

• Plants Get energy from the sun. (1)
• Herbivores Eat plants. (38)
• Carnivores Eat other creatures. (38)
• Predator-Prey relationships.
• Omnivores Eat plants and animals.
• Detritivore Decomposers.

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5 Properties of Life

• Organization.
• Energy.

3. Growth and Development.
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3rd Growth and Development

• Growth --------- ------ An increase in size.
• Adults are much larger than babies.
• Development --- A change in shape or form.
• How much development occurs in humans?
• How about a butterfly?

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5 Properties of Life

• Organization.
• Energy.
• Growth and Development.

4. Reproduction.
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4th Property Reproduction

• Passing on traits from one generation to the
  next.
• Duplicate the parent, or
• Duplicate the parent with some changes.
  (mutations)

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5 Properties of Life

• Organization.
• Energy.
• Growth and Development.
• Reproduction.

5. Response and Adaptation.
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5th Response and Adaptation

• Response ---------- Short-term fixes.
• Blinking, migrations, seeds that germinate during
  fires.
• Adaptation ------- Long-term responses.
• Generation to generation.

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5 Properties of Life

• Organization.
• Energy.
• Growth and Development.
• Reproduction.
• Response and Adaptation.

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Charles Darwin

• His 1831 voyage on the HMS Beagle.
• Theory of Evolution

1. Species change over time. 2. Life is a
competitive struggle for limited
resources. 3. The most fit creatures survive to
reproduce. If a species doesnt reproduce it dies
out.
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Adaptation

• Adaptation Feature of organisms that allows
  them to survive in changing environments.
• Biston betularia
• (Peppered Moths in Birmingham, England)
• (photos)

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Adaptation and Interdependence

• Lions and Gazelles
• ...Sabre-Toothed Tigers and Mammoths
• (...Bengal Tigers...)

Extinction The dying out of a species.
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Symbiosis(very interdependent)

• 3 Types
• 1. Mutualism
• 2. Commensalism
• 3. Parasitism

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Mutualism

• Both species benefit from the relationship.
• Example Crabs and Anemones
  (p. 14, figure 1.13)

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Commensalism

• One organism benefits, the other is unaffected.
• Example Bromeliad plant growing high on the
  tree.
  (p. 15, figure 1.14)

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Parasitism

• One organism benefits, the other is harmed or
  even killed.
• Example Tracheal mites that live in the trachea
  of honeybees. (p.
  15, figure 1.15)

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Symbiosis(very interdependent)

• 3 Types
• 1. Mutualism
• 2. Commelsalism
• 3. Parasitism

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Human Interdependence

• Food (rabbits in New Zealand).
• Medicines (cure found in rare plants).
• Fuels (oil from decayed marine organisms).
• Others...

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The Scientific Method

• 1. Observations
• 2. Hypothesis.
• 3. Experiments.
• A. Control Setup.
• B. Variable.
• 4. Theory.

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Louis Pasteur

• In 1862 in France.
• Came up with the germ theory.
• Bacteria growth in broth.
• (OVERHEAD 2)

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Pasteurs ExperimentObservation

• Bacteria would grow in sterile broth.
• Some scientists claimed there was an active
  principle in broth that created life.
• Pasteur didnt believe this idea...
• So he formed a hypothesis.

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Pasteurs ExperimentHypothesis

• A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an
  event.
• Pasteur hypothesized that the microorganisms in
  the broth came from dust in the air.
• He set up an experiment to test his hypothesis.

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Pasteurs ExperimentExperiments

• A good experiment has a control setup.
• Two separate experiments occuring simultaneously.
• Both experiments must be set up the same,
  with one exception...
• One thing is different between the experiments.
  This one changing condition is called the
  variable.
• (see OVERHEAD 2)

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Pasteurs ExperimentTheory

• If a hypothesis is supported by many experiments
  over a period of time becomes a theory.
• Hypothesis An educated guess as to what might
  be.
• Theory A well-tested hypothesis. It is unlikely
  to be rejected by future tests.