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  Chapter 2 Arthrology

• Section 1 Introduction
• ??Definition
• The bones are connected together by joints
  or articulations.
• ??Classification of joints
• 1 The synarthroses(immovable articulations)
• 2 The diarthroses(movable articulations)

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2 The diarthroses(synovial joints )

• 1) The basic structure
• articular surface
• articular capsule
• articular(joint) cavity
• 2) The accessory structure
• ligaments
• articular disk
• articular labrum
• synovial fold and synovial bursa

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• Basic structure of synovial joint

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• 3) The movement
• a. translation(gliding movement)
• b. flexion and extension
• c. adduction and abduction
• d. rotation medial and lateral rotation
• pronation and supination
• e. circumduction

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Section 2 The joints of the bones of trunk

• ??The vertebral column
• 1 The vertebral joints
• 1) The joints of the vertebral bodies
• (1) The intervertebral disks
• annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
• (2) The anterior longitudinal ligament
• (3) The posterior longitudinal ligament

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• 2) The joints of the vertebral arches
• (1) Ligamenta flava
• (2) Interspinal ligament
• (3) Supraspinal ligament and
• ligamentum nuchae
• (4) Intertransverse lig. and
• zygapophyseal joint

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• 2 The joints of the suboccipital region
• The atlantooccipital joint and
• atlantoaxial joint

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2 The vertebral column as a whole and its
movements

• 1) The vertebral column as a whole
• (1) Anterior aspect
• (2) Dorsal aspect
• (3) Lateral aspect
• cervical and lumbar curves?forward
• thoracic and pelvic curves ?backward
• 2) The movement of the vertebral column

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??The Thorax

• (?) Costovertebral joint
• 1 The costovertebral joints
• 2 The costotransverse joints
• (?) Sternocostal joints
• (?) The thorax ( thoracic cage) as a whole and
  its movements

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  Section 3 The joints of the bones of limbs

• ??The joints of upper limb
• (?) The joints of the girdle of upper
• limb
• 1 The sternoclavicular joint
• 2 The acromioclavicular joint
• 3 The coracoacromial ligament

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(?) The joints of free upper limb

• 1 The shoulder joint
• 1) Composition the head of humerus and the
  glenoid cavity of the scapula
• 2) Features of structure
• a. glenoid cavity is shallow, head of humerus
  is big
• b. joint capsule is thin and loose
• c. inferior part of the capsule is lack of
  ligaments and muscles
• 3) The movement ? the most movable

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• Shoulder joint (composition)

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• Shoulder joint (capsule)

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2 The elbow joint

• 1)Composition The humeroulnar joint,
  humeroradial joint and proximal radioulnar joint.
• 2)Features of structure
• a.three joints were covered by one joint
  capsule
• b.joint capsule is thin and loose anteriorly
  and posteriorly
• c.joint capsule is thick and strong on either
  side by collateral ligment
• 3)The movement ? mainly for flexion and extension

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• Elbow joint (composition)

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• Elbow joint

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• Elbow joint (capsule)

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• 3 The joints between ulna and radius
• include the proximal radioulnar joint, distal
  radioulnar and interosseous membrane of forearm.

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• Pronation

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4 The joints of hand

• 1)  The wrist joint (or the radiocarpal joint)
• Composition distal end of the radius and the
  proximal articular surface of the scaphoid,lunate
  and triquetral.
• 2) The intercarpal joints
• 3)The carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints
• 4)The metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal
  joints

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• Wrist joint

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??The joints of lower limb

• (?) The joints of the girdle of lower limb
• 1 The sacroiliac joint
• 2 The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligments
• 3 The obturator membrane
• 4 The pubic symphysis
• 5 The pelvis The greater pelvis and lesser
  pelvis

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(?) The joints of free lower limb

• 1 The hip joint
• 1)Composition femoral head and acetabulum
• 2) Features of structure
• a. acetabular labrum deeps the acetabulum
• b.2/3 of the femoral head is enclosed within
  the acetabulum
• c.joint capsule is tight ,thick and strong and
  strengthed by extracapsular ligaments
• d.intracapsule ligment is ligament of head of
  femur
• The movement? wide range but limited

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• Hip joint (composition)

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• Hip joint (capsule)

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• Hip joint (capsule)

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2 The knee joint

• 1) Composition distal end of the femur ,
  proximal end of the tibia and the patella
• 2) Features of structure
• a. joint capsule is thin and loose
• b.anteriorly , posteriorly and collaterally the
  capsule are strengthed by ligments.
• c.Intraarticular structures have the cruciate
  ligments of knee, the menisci and the synovial
  folds
• 3) The movement ? flexion and extension

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• Knee (composition)

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• Knee ligament

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• Knee ligament

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• Knee (cruciate lig.)

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• Knee (meniscus)

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• 3 The tibiofibular union
• include the tibiofibular joint, tibiofibular
  syndesmosis and crural interosseous membrane.

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4 The joints of foot

• 1)  The talocrural joint(or ankle joint)
• 2)   The intertarsal joints
• 3) The tarsometatarsal joints (or Lisfrances
  joint)
• 4) The intermetatarsal joints
• 5) The metatarsophalangeal joints
• 6)The interphalangeal joints of foot

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• Ankle joint(medial view)

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• Ankle joint (lateral view)

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• Arch of foot

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5 The arches of foot
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Section 4 The joints of skull

•  The temporomandibular joint
• 1 composition head of the mandible with the
  mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of
  the temporal bone
• 2 The function

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