Monogastric Digestive System

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Monogastric Digestive System
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Matching

• Species

• Digestive System

• Cow
• Pig
• Kangaroo
• Sheep
• Horse
• Dog
• Chicken

• Ruminant
• Monogastric
• Pre-gastric Fermentation
• Post-gastric Fermentation
• Herbivore
• Carnivore
• Omnivore

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Answers

• Cow- Ruminant, Pre-gastric, Herbivore
• Pig- Monogastric, Post-gastric, Omnivore
• Kangaroo- Monogastric, Pre-gastric, Herbivore
• Sheep- Ruminant, Pre-gastric, Herbivore
• Horse- Monogastric, post-gastric, herbivore
• Dog- Monogastric, post-gastric, carnivore
• Chicken- Monogastric, Post-gastric, Omnivore

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Basic Organization

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Anus

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Associated Structures

• Pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Salivary glands

Contribute to small intestinal digestion
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Structures in Mouth

• Lips
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands

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Monogastric Teeth

• Function
• Mechanically reduce particle size
• Increase surface area
• Four types
• Incisors are used for cutting

• Canine (fangs, eye teeth, tusks) are tearing teeth

• Premolars and molars (cheek teeth) grind the food

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Monogastric Tongue

• Function
• Comprised of three muscles
• Maneuvers food in the mouth
• Moves feed to teeth for grinding and to the back
  of the mouth for swallowing
• Can distinguish between feed and toxins by
  papillae or taste buds

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Monogastric Salivary Glands

• Types of Glands

Zygomatic
Parotid
Sublingual
Mandibular
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Salivary Glands
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Functions of Saliva

• Moisten feed (salt and water)
• Lubrication (aids swallowing)
• Starch and(or) lipid digestion (amylase and(or)
  lipase)

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Monogastric Salivary Glands

• Flow rate affected by
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Increased tone Increased flow
• Increased flow Increased dilution
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Increased tone Decreased flow
• Decreased flow Increased concentration
• Volume of saliva
• 1 - 1.5 L/d man and pig
• 7 - 10 L/d horse

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Monogastric Esophagus

• Transport of food from mouth to stomach
• Uses peristaltic contractions (wave contractions)
• Horse/Pig
• Striated muscles for first 2/3
• Smooth muscles for last 1/3
• In horse, esophagus joins stomach at an oblique
  angle and cardiac sphincter (the valve between
  the stomach and esophagus) only allows one-way
  flow
• MOST horses cannot belch out gas or vomit
• Dog
• Striated muscles throughout allow GREAT control
  of digesta movement both directions

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Deglutition (Swallowing)

• Reflex initiated by presence of food in pharnyx
• Propulsion of food to stomach by esophageal
  peristalsis

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Gastric Digestion

• Functions
• Reservoir for controlled release of digesta to
  small intestine
• Horse has small capacity requires increased
  number of smaller sized meals
• Mixing food
• Mechanical breakdown of feed
• Hydrolytic digestion by acid and enzymes
• Mainly protein
• Kill bacteria
• Secrete intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12
  absorption
• Hormone production

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Stomach Regions

• Esophageal
• Non-glandular
• Cardiac
• Secretes mucus
• Fundic
• Parietal cells
• Chief cells
• Pyloric
• Mucus

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Gastric Pits

• Formed by numerous folds in the epithelium
• Glands empty into the gastric pit
• Many types of glands may empty into one gastric
  pit

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Gastric Glands
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Stomach Secretions

• HCl
• Decreases pH (2-3)
• Denatures protein
• Kills bacteria
• Activates pepsinogen
• Mucus
• Protects lining from acid and enzymes
• No autodigestion
• Lubricant

• Pepsinogen
• Activated form is pepsin
• Hydrolyzes protein
• Rennin (abomasum)
• Clots milk
• Lipase
• Some species

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Gastric Motility and Emptying

• Motility aids mixing, mechanical and hydrolytic
  reduction of feed to chyme
• acid pulp
• Emptying is stimulated by distension of antral
  wall and presence of liquid chyme

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Control of Gastric Secretions and Gastric Motility

• Cephalic phase
• Gastric phase
• Intestinal phase

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Cephalic Phase

• Vagal reflex
• Parasympathetic innervation
• Increases gastric motility, enzyme secretion
• Small increase in HCl secretion

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Gastric Phase

• Local reflex, depends on presence of feed in
  stomach
• Mainly mediated by gastrin
• Increases HCl secretion

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Intestinal Phase

• Stimulated by duodenal distension, pH,
  osmolarity, nutrients (fat)
• Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin (PZ-CCK) is released
  by the small intestine
• Decreases HCl secretion and gastric motility

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Gastrointestinal Hormones

• Gastrin
• Origin Stomach, Abomasum
• Stimulus Food in stomach
• Function Stimulates HCl pepsinogen secretion,
  increases stomach motility
• Secretin
• Origin Duodenum
• Stimulus Acid
• Function Stimulates pancreatic secretions.
  Slows stomach motility and acid production

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Gastrointestinal Hormones

• Cholecystokinin (CCK)
• Origin Duodenum
• Stimulus Fat protein in duodenum
• Function Stimulates bile and pancreatic
  secretions
• Also regulates appetite and feed intake
• Gastric Inhibitory Protein (GIP)
• Origin Duodenum
• Stimulus Fats and bile
• Function Inhibit stomach motility and secretion
  of acid and enzymes

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Small Intestine

• Composed of 3 segments (proximal to distal)
• Duodenum
• Releases bile and pancreatic secretions
• Active site of digestion
• Jejunum
• Active site of nutrient absorption
• Ileum
• Active site of nutrient absorption
• Most water, vitamins minerals
• Some bacterial presence
• Fermentation
• ?The pH of the small intestine increases towards
  7.0 as food moves from the duodenum to the ileum

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Intestinal Epithelial Cell
Brush border
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Specialized Cells Lining Villi
Nutrients
Mucus

• Absorptive epithelial cell
• Contain brush border on lumen/apical side
• Brush border
• Enzymes
• Nutrient transport molecules
• Goblet cell
• Secretes mucus

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Specialized Cells Lining Villi
Anti-microbial compounds

• Endocrine cell
• Secrete hormones into bloodstream or local cells
• Paneth cell
• Secretory granules with anti-microbial properties

CCK, Secretin, etc.
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Small Intestine Absorptive Surface

• Villi
• Enterocyte
• Brush border
• Cell migration from crypts to tips of villus
• 2-3 days

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Small Intestine - Structure

• Lumen
• Mucosa
• Villi
• Crypts
• Lacteal
• Enterocyte
• Brush border

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Intestinal Wall
Villi
Mucosa
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Enhanced Surface Area for Increased Nutrient
Absorption
Intestinal villi
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Increased Surface Area in Small Intestine for
Absorption
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Nutrient Absorption in the Small Intestine

• Principal site of absorption of amino acids,
  vitamins, minerals and lipids
• Glucose and other sugars in monogastrics
• Generally, most absorption occurs in the proximal
  (upper) part of the small intestine but some
  absorption occurs in all segments
• Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
• Digestion and absorption within SI is rapid
• Within 30 minutes of entering SI

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Nutrient Absorption

• Variety of mechanisms
• Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Active transport
• Pinocytosis or endocytosis
• Dependent upon
• Solubility of the nutrient (fat vs. water)
• Concentration or electrical gradient
• Size of the molecule to be absorbed

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Diffusion

• Water and small lipid molecules pass freely
  through membrane
• Move down concentration gradient to equalize
  concentrations

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Facilitated Diffusion

• Carrier loads particle on outside of cell
• Carrier releases particle on inside of cell
• Reverse
• Allows equalization of concentrations across
  membrane

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Active Transport

• Carrier loads particle on outside of cell
• Carrier releases particle on inside of cell
• Carrier returns to outside to pick up another
  particle

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Active Transport

• Unidirectional movement
• Transports nutrients against concentration
  gradient

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Pinocytosis or Endocytosis

• Substance contacts cell membrane
• Membrane wraps around or engulfs substance into
  sac
• Sac formed separates from the membrane and moves
  into cell

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Transporters
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Secretions Entering SI
Secreted from within SI

• Intestinal mucus
• Brush border enzymes
• Pancreatic juices
• Produced stored in pancreas
• Bile
• Produced in liver
• Stored in gallbladder
• Horse has no gallbladder
• Direct bile secretion into duodenum
• Cannot store bilecontinuous intake of food

Enters from ducts into SI
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Intestinal Mucus

• Secreted by glands in wall of duodenum
• Brunners glands
• Acts as lubricant and buffer to protect duodenal
  wall

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Primary Enzymes for Carbohydrates
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Primary Enzymes for Proteins
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Primary Enzymes for Lipids
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Bile

• Green, viscous liquid
• Alkaline ph (neutralize acidic chyme)
• Secreted by liver via bile duct to duodenum
• Stored in gall bladder (except in horses)
• Functions to emulsify fats
• Composition
• Bile salts (glycocholic and taurocholic acids)
• Bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin)
• Cholesterol
• 95 reabsorbed and returned to liver
• NOT AN ENZYME

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Nutrient Digestion - Lipids
Large Lipid Droplet
Action of bile salts Lipid emulsion
Small
Bile salts pancreatic lipase and colipase
Water soluble micelles
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Pancreatic Juice

• Contains
• HCO3-
• Trypsinogen
• Chymotrypsinogen
• Procarboxypeptidase
• Amylase
• Lipase
• Nuclease

• Clear, watery juice
• Enters duodenum via pancreatic duct
• Aids in fat, starch, and protein digestion

Pro-enzymes
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Importance of Pancreas for Digestion

• Produces enzymes responsible for
• 50 of carbohydrate digestion
• 50 of protein digestion
• 90 of lipid digestion
• Produces sodium bicarbonate for neutralization of
  chyme in duodenum

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Activation of Pancreatic Enzymes

• Enterokinase
• Secreted from crypts in duodenum
• Trypsinogen trypsin
• Trypsin then converts
• Trypsinogen trypsin
• Chymotrypsinogen chymotrypsin
• Procarboxypeptidase carboxypeptidase

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Overview of Digestive Enzymes

• Stomach
• Pepsinogen
• Chymosin (rennin)
• Pancreas
• Trypsinogen
• Chymotrypsinogen
• Procarboxypeptidase
• Amylase
• Lipase
• Nuclease

• Brush Border (SI)
• Sucrase
• Maltase
• Lactase
• Aminopeptidase
• Dipeptidase
• Enterokinase

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Large Intestine

• Composed of three segments
• Cecum
• Colon
• Rectum
• Function
• Fermentative digestion
• No enzyme secretion
• Relies on microbes or secretions washed out of
  the SI
• Absorption of remaining water, volatile fatty
  acids (VFAs) from microbial fermentation and
  minerals
• Digesta storage
• Degree of development is species dependent

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Monogastric Cecum

• Located at junction of small and large intestine
• Function similar to rumen in ruminants
• Microbial activity and digestion of feeds
• Contains a microbial population similar to the
  rumen
• Cellulolytic hemicelluloytic bacteria
• Since cecum is located AFTER major site of
  nutrient absorption (small intestine), then
  microbial cell proteins are not available to the
  animal
• Fecal loss

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Monogastric Large Intestine

• Function
• Absorption of liquid
• Mass movements move fecal matter to anus
• Usually only a few times a day
• Associated with defecation

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Bacteria

• Cellulolytic digest cellulose (forages)
• Amylolytic digest starches and sugars
  (concentrates or grains)
• Other types
• Proteolytic
• Clostridium
• Organic acid utilizers
• Methanogens
• Produce CO2, H2, formate, CH4

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Rectum

• Muscular area of large intestine used for storage
  of feces and ultimately for defecation
• Feces includes sloughed cells, undigested food
  and microbial matter

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Avians (Poultry)

• Mouth
• No teeth, rigid tongue
• Poorly developed salivary glands
• Saliva contains amylase
• Beak is adapted for prehension and mastication

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Avians (Poultry)

• Esophagus
• Enlarged area called crop
• Ingesta holding and moistening
• Location for breakdown of carbohydrate by amylase
• Fermentation
• Proventriculus (stomach)
• Release of HCl and pepsin (gastric juices)
• Ingesta passes through very quickly (14 seconds)

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Avians (Poultry)

• Gizzard (ventriculus)
• Muscular area with a hardened lining reduces
  particle size
• Muscular contractions every 20-30 seconds
• Includes action of grit
• HCl and pepsin secreted in proventriculus
• Small intestine
• Similar to other monogastrics
• No Lacteals

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Avians (Poultry)

• Ceca and large intestine
• Contain two ceca instead of one as in other
  monogastrics
• Large intestine is very short (2-4 in) and
  empties into cloaca where fecal material will be
  voided via the vent
• Water resorption
• Fiber fermentation by bacteria
• H2O soluble vitamin synthesis by bacteria