Title: Digestive Tract Musculature
1Digestive Tract Musculature
- Skeletal muscle - voluntary control
- Mouth, pharynx, cranial esophagus, ext anal
sphincter - Facilitates chewing, mixing saliva with food,
initiation of swallowing, and control of
defecation - Smooth muscle
- Majority of esophagus, stomach, s. intestines, l.
intestines, and internal anal sphincter - Primarily arranged in circular and longitudinal
layers - Contraction of circular muscle fibers __________
tract - Contraction of longitudinal fibers __________
tract
2Peristalsis
- Circular muscle contractions
- Wavelike movement along tract
- ________ contents along digestive tract
3Segmental Contractions
- Periodic circular muscle contractions
- Occur in different adjacent sites
- _______ digestive tract contents and slows their
movement through tract
4- Salivary glands - saliva helps with evaporative
_________, __________, and ___________ usually
three pairs with ducts to oral cavity - _________ salivary glands - ventral to ear canals
- __________salivary glands - ventral to parotid
glands at the caudal angle of the mandible - ____________ salivary glands - medial to the
shafts of the mandible just under the base of the
tongue
SALIVARY GLANDS
5Parotid salivary glands Mandibular salivary
glands Sublingual salivary glands Buccal salivary
glands
6Teeth
- Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars are
found in both herbivores and carnivores - _______________ - chewing physically break down
food into smaller pieces - Increases the surface area of the food that is
exposed to digestive processes - _________ arcade - in maxilla and incisive bones
- _________ arcade - in mandible
7Teeth Surfaces
- ________ (tongue)- inner surface of lower arcade
- ________ (hard palate)- inner surface of upper
arcade - ________ (lips)- outer surface of upper/lower
arcades (rostral) - ________ (cheek) - outer surface of teeth
(caudal) - ________ surface that grinds with other teeth
8Teeth Shape
- Carnivore teeth - _________ on occlusal surface
slightly curved toward back of mouth - Good for holding prey, tearing, cutting,
shredding - Herbivore teeth - ________ occlusal surfaces
- Good for grinding plant and grain material
9Carnivore
Herbivore
10Types of Teeth
- Incisors
- _____________ teeth
- Most rostral teeth of upper
- and lower arcade
- Canines
- _____________ teeth
- Located at corners of incisors
- Longer than other teeth
- Pointed at tip
11Types of Teeth
- Premolars
- _____________ teeth
- Rostral cheek teeth
- Sharp points and surfaces
- in carnivores
- Molars
- ____________ teeth
- Caudal cheek teeth
- Larger, flatter occlusal surfaces
12Dental Formula
- Typical number of each type of tooth found in
upper/lower arcades - Tooth types in formula Iincisor, Ccanine, P
premolar, Mmolar - __________ case adult teeth
- __________ case deciduous teeth
13Dental Formula
Ruminants have no incisors or canines in their
upper arcade! _________ ______ - flat thick
connective-tissue on maxilla opposite lower
incisors and canines
14Dental Formulas for Several Domestic Species
Species Dental Formula Total
Number of Teeth Canine
- puppy i3/3 c1/1 p3/3 28 Canine -
adult I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 42 Feline -
kitten i3/3 c1/1 p3/2 26 Feline - adult I3/3
C1/1 P3/2 M1/1 30 Equine - adult I3/3 C1/1
P3-4/3 M3/3 40 or 42 Porcine - adult I3/3 C1/1
P4/4 M3/3 44 Bovine - adult I0/3 C0/1 P3/3
M3/3 32
- Tooth type followed by two numbers separated by
slash mark - First number - teeth in half of upper arcade
- Second number - teeth in half of lower arcade
- Total number sum of all numbers x 2
15(No Transcript)
16- Dogs 1st Molar in lower arcade and 4th Premolar
in upper arcade - Abscesses that form at the root of the apex of
the upper carnassial tooth often break through
the thin bone of the maxilla and begin to drain
through the skin below the eye. - Removing the carnassial teeth is difficult due to
their deeply entrenched roots
Carnassial Teeth
17- Teeth are living structures that have nerve,
blood vessel and lymphatic supply, making them
susceptible to damage and pain. - _____________ tooth above gums
- _____________ tooth below gums
- _____________ - center of tooth
- Blood and nerve supply enter at apex of tooth
root - ______________- surrounds and protects tooth
pulp - ______________- hard conn. tissue
- Covers tooth root
- Fasten tooth in bony socket
- ______________- covers crown
- Hardest, toughest tissue in body
- ______________ gums epithelial tissue around
teeth
18Dental Prophylaxis
- Small animals- scaling away of tartar from the
teeth. - Dental __________
- Horses- teeth are ___________, which reduces
points on buccal and lingual edges of teeth.
19Functions of the Oral Cavity
- Prehend food
- Initiate mastication (mechanical digestion)
- Breaks food into smaller particles
- Increases surface area for chemical digestion
- Crushed ice melts faster than single ice cube
- Initiate chemical digestion
- Saliva contains amylase, lipase
- Cow produces 25-50 gal/d (waste basket5 gal)
- Prepare food for swallowing
20- Digestive enzymes
- Proteins that promote the chemical reactions that
split complex food molecules up into simpler
compounds. - Usually end in _______
- ________
- Found in saliva of omnivores but absent in
carnivores - Breaks down amylose- a sugar component of starch.
- ________
- Digests lipids
- Found in saliva of young animals while nursing or
on high milk diet. - Buffers
- Sodium bicarbonate and phosphate buffers found in
saliva of cattle - Neutralize acids normally formed in rumen
- Monogastric stomach pH2-3
- Ideal rumen pH 5.8-6.4
21Nervous System and Salivation
- Autonomic nervous system controls most digestive
glands - Parasympathetic ___________ salivation
- Anticipation of eating stimulates salivation
(Pavlov) - Sympathetic _____________ salivation and activity
of other digestive organs - Fear produces produce dry mouth