Taxonomy

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Taxonomy

• Dividing Life into groups

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• You only need to copy text that is italicized

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Taxonomy

• Branch of science dealing with classification of
  organisms
• Organisms are classified according to common
  characteristics

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Example of Classification(Linnaean system)

• Reptiles scales, claws, lay eggs
• Birds feathers, claws on feet, eggs
• Mammals hair, nurse their young

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History of Classification

• The system of classification continues to change
  as we learn more about organisms

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Recent Changes to the System

• In 1990, Carl Woese proposed new 3 domain system.
  This system is now accepted by majority of
  biologists
• Domain divisions based on cell walls, cell
  membranes, rRNA, resistance to antibiotics
• 3 Domains Bacteria (or Eubacteria), Archaea,
  Eukarya (Eukaryota)

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3 Domains

• Archaea Bacteria include prokaryotes
• Eukarya includes eukaryotes with nuclei
• Eukarya is further divided into 4 kingdoms
  (protista, fungi, plantae, animalia)

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Taxonomic Categories

• Categories/divisions of life are called Taxa
• There used to be seven taxa used to classify
  organisms
• Taxa go from broad to specific

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The Old Taxa System

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order

• Family
• Genus
• Species

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How we used to remember this

• King
• Phillip
• Came
• Over

• For
• Great
• Spaghetti

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Another mnemonic

• Kids
• Prefer
• Cheese
• Over

• Fried
• Green
• Spinach

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New System of Classification

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order

• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Classification of Humans

• Domain Eukaryota
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primata
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species Homo sapiens

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Create a mnemonic

• Work with a partner and come up with a brand
  new mnemonic that includes all 8 of the current
  taxa

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Modern Classification

• Structural similarities suggest common
  evolutionary origins
• Classification helps to find evolutionary
  relationships

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Comparing SpeciesHow closely related are these?

• Domain Eukaryota
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primata
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species Homo sapien

• Domain Eukaryota
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Xenarthra
• Family Dasypodidae
• Genus Dasypus
• Species Dasypus novemcinctus

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Comparing SpeciesHow closely related are these?

• Domain Eukaryota
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Xenarthra
• Family Dasypodidae
• Genus Dasypus
• Species Dasypus novemcinctus

• Domain Eukaryota
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Xenarthra
• Family Bradypodidae
• Genus Bradypus
• Species Bradypus tridactylus

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Binomial Nomenclature a two name system

• Species have a scientific name, and most have a
  common name.
• Scientific names include genus and species
• Genus name is capitalized
• Species name is lower case
• Both are in italics when typed
• Both are underlined when handwritten
• Genus can be written as first letter and period.
• Homo sapiens, or H. sapiens

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Which of the following are incorrect? Correct
them.

• Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Crotalus
  adamanteus
• American Alligator alligator mississippiensis
• Thistle Sage Salvia Carduacea
• Bullfrog rana Catesbeiana
• Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus
• Georgia Oak Tree quercus georgiana

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Domain Bacteria

• Prokaryotes with strong cell walls and less
  complex genetics than archaebacteria
• One kingdom eubacteria

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Domain Archae

• Prokaryotes that live in extreme environments

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Eukarya

• Eukaryotic Cells
• There are four kingdoms in Eukarya
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

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Protista

• Simple, mostly unicellular eukaryotes that
  lack complex organ systems and live in a moist
  environment

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Fungi

• Unicellular multicellular heterotrophs that
  lack tissues and absorb nutrients from
  environment

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Plantae

• Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that
  dont move from place to place and are organized
  into tissues

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Animalia

• Multicellular heterotrophs that are organized
  into tissue layers

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Dichotomous system

• Each set is subdivided into two subsets only one
  kind of item is left.
• Subsets are created by sorting haves from
  have-nots.

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Dichotomous System for animals
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Dichotomous People

• A Pairs
• Divide wacky people into categories until all the
  people are in a pile by themselves. Draw the
  lines that show the divisions of categories.
• Name your people.
• Glue to paper background.

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Dichotomous Key

• A series of paired statements about subsets.
• Each pair of statements is numbered, and each
  object fits into one category.
• Each statement will identify the object OR send
  the reader to another numbered pair of statements
  for further defining.

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Dichotomous Key

• 1a. Body speckled (go to 2)1b. Body not
  speckled (go to 4)2a. Body round Rotunda2b.
  Body not round (go to 3)3a. Body with scalloped
  margin Floribunda3b. Body without scalloped
  margin Digitorum4a. Body striped Alternata4b.
  Body not striped (go to 5)5a. Rounded patterns
  on body Ovalis5b. Body without circles Amorpha

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Dichotomous Key for People

• Looking at your people categories, create a
  dichotomous key for your system of
  classification.
• This will be turned in one per pair.

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Carolus Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy

• Developed classification system that is the basis
  of modern classification
• Organisms were grouped according to common
  characteristics

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Changes in the system

• Linnaeus divided life into 2 kingdoms (plant
  animal)
• In 1900s, 5 kingdom system was established
  (monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia)
• In later 1900s, 6 kingdom system was accepted
  after monera was split into two kingdoms
  (eubacteria, archaebacteria)
• In 1990, Carl Woese proposed new 3 domain system.
  This system is now accepted by majority of
  biologists