BSC%202010L%20%20%20DEUTEROSTOMES

1
BSC 2010L DEUTEROSTOMES
2
Principal Biological Concepts

• A. Protostome vs. deuterostome (revisited).
• B. Chordate features.
• C. Chordate subphyla.
• D. Evolution of vertebrates from early chordates.
• E. Evolution of vertebrate classes.
• F. Evolution of jaws.
• G. Adaptations to terrestrial existence.
• H. Endothermy.
• I. Cladistic analysis.

3
Remember protostome deuterostome dichotomy
4
Phylum Echinodermata

• A. secondary radial symmetry - bilateral in
  larvae
• B. endoskeleton - calcareous "test"
• C. water vascular system

5
4 classes

• 1. sea stars (class Asteroidea)
• 2. brittle stars (class Ophiuroidea)
• 3. sea urchin (class Echinoidea)
• 4. sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea)

6
4 classes
Echinodermata

• 1. sea stars
• (class Asteroidea)
• 2. brittle stars (class Ophiuroidea)
• 3. sea urchin
• (class Echinoidea)
• 4. sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea)

7
Class Asteroidea
sea stars
8
Anatomy of a sea star
9
Class Ophiuroidea
brittle star
10
Class Echinoidea - sea urchins sand dollars
11
Class Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers
12
Chordates (phylum Chordata)

• 3 characters - present at some point in life
• 1. notochord
• 2. pharyngeal gill slits
• 3. dorsal, hollow,nerve cord

13
3 subphyla - 2 "protochordates" and vertebrates
Chordata

• 1. subphylum Urochordata -tunicates or sea
  squirts
• 2. subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets
  (Amphioxus)
• 7. subphylum Vertebrata - vertebrates

14
Subphylum Urochordata -tunicates or sea squirts
Chordata
15
Subphylum Urochordata -tunicate larva
Chordata
16
Subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets (Amphioxus)
Chordata
17
Subphylum Vertebrata - 12 classes

• 1. Class Myxini - hagfishes
• 2. Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys
• 3. Class Chondrichthyes - cartilagenous fishes
  -sharks, rays, skates
• "Osteichthyes"
• 4. Class Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes
• 5. Class Actinistia - lobe-finned fishes
• 6. Class Dipnoi - lungfishes

• 7. Class Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamanders
• 8. Class Mammalia - mammals
• "Reptilia"
• 9. Class Testudines
• 10. Class Lepidosauria - snakes, lizards, tuatara
• 11. Class Crocodilia - alligators and crocodiles
• 12. Class Aves - birds

18
Class Myxini - hagfishes
19
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys
20
Class Chondrichthyes - cartilagenous fishes
-sharks, rays, skates
21
"Osteichthyes" - informal name for bony fishes

• Class Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes
• Class Actinistia - lobe-finned fishes
• Class Dipnoi - lungfishes

22
Class Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes
23
Class Actinistia - lobe-finned fishes
24
Class Dipnoi - lungfish
25
The Devonian radiation of fishes
26
The evolution of vertebrate jaws
27
Anatomy of a trout, a representative bony fish
28
Class Amphibia - amphibians - frogs, toads,
salamanders
29
Reptilia" - informal name for reptile classes

• Class Testudines - turtles
• Class Lepidosauria - lizards, snakes, tuatara
• Class Crocodilia - crocodilians

30
The amniotic or cleidoic egg
31
Class Testudines - turtles
32
Class Lepidosauria - lizards, snakes, tuatara
33
Class Crocodilia - crocodilians
34
Phylogeny of the amniotes
35
Class Aves - birds
36
The avian wing and feather
37
Archaeopteryx, a Jurassic bird-reptile
38
Class Mammalia - mammals
39
Cladistic Analysis exercise

• You must complete this and hand it in before you
  leave (DS3 - 10 pts.)
• Introduction to cladistics - http//www.ucmp.berke
  ley.edu/clad/clad1.html

40
Constructing a phylogenetic tree using cladistic
analysis
41
Building a phylogenetic tree of dinosaurs
42
32A Traditional Animal Phylogenetic Tree and
34A Characteristics of Chordates on Student
Media CD-ROM for review of material from this lab.
43
Lab practical next week.

• A. Sign up sheets go on-line Monday October 10.
• B. Review lab sessions will be Saturday October
  15, and Sunday October 16, from 1000 - 400 pm.
• C. Practical exams will be given Monday October
  17 through Wednesday October 19.
• D. 30 stations
• E. 1 question per station
• F. 60 seconds per station
• G. NO GOING BACK
• H. Practical covers labs 1, 4, 5 and 7, in
  roughly equal proportions.
• I. You must bring a photo ID to the exam.