C. Ecology I. Ecosystems and Communities

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C. Ecology I. Ecosystems and Communities
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Biodiversity
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Zebra Mussels
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Predator Removal
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Climograph
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Community Ecology

• Interspecific Interactions and Community
  Structure
• Disturbance and Community Structure
• Biogeographic Factors

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Competitive Exclusion Hypothesis
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Microhabitats of Lizard Species
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Anolis distichus sunny leaf surface
Anolis insolitus shady branch
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Deceptive coloration
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Camouflage chick (poorwill) lizard
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Aposematic (warning) coloration
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Batesian mimicry the hawkmoth larva (left)
resembles a snake when disturbedharmless
resembles harmful
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Mullerian mimicry the cuckoo bee (left) and
the yellow jacket both have stingers that release
toxins both harmful but more exposure to
potential predators of linking markings with harm
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Mutualism between acacia trees and ants
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Parasitic Nasonia (wasps)
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Commensalism one species benefits, the other is
neither harmed nor helped (usually)
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Trophic levels terrestrial and marine food
chainsmake sure your assignment doesnt
resemble this one! )
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Antarctic marine food web
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Partial food web
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Without Pisaster ochraceous (sea stars) as
keystone predators,
the Mytilus californianus monopolized the space
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Sea Otters are keystone predators in the North
Pacific
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A fire on a grassland burns the detritus and
rejuvenates the prairie so that virtually all the
biomass is living a month after a burn (right)
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Large disturbances occur more often when small
disturbances are prevented. Lodgepole pine cones
require intense heat to open and germinate.
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Soil nitrogen concentration during succession
after a glacial retreat
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Forest community 1 is more diverse b/c it has
greater heterogeneity both in species richness
(number) and relative abundance
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Species richness generally decreases towards the
poles
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Energy and Species Richness - annual available
energy is measured by evapotranspiration
(combining solar radiation and temperature) and
expressed as rainfall equivalents in mm/yr.
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The number of plant species on the Galapagos
Islands in relation to the area of the island.
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Ecosystems

• Primary Production
• Secondary Production
• Cycling of Chemical Elements
• Human Impact

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Energy flow broken red lines Material cycling
solid blue linesEnergy solar radiation ?
chemical transfers in food web ? heat radiated to
spaceMaterials pass through trophic levels ?
detritus ? back to primary producers
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Fungi decomposing a log
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Primary Production
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Net Primary Production
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II. Biomes
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Lake Zonation
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Oligotrophic Lake
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Eutrophic Lake
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WetlandsEstuaries
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Marine 1. Tide Zone 2. Coral Reef 3. Benthos
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Terrestrial Biomes
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Tropical Forests 1. Highland 2. Lowland 3.
Seasonal
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Deserts
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Tundra
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the Biosphere
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Behavioral Ecology

• Learning
• Animal Cognition
• Sociobiology

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Behavior Components
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Digger Wasp Behavior
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Female Songbird Preferences
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Geese Imprinting
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Two types of bird-song development
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Electronic Surveillance of honeybees
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Cooperative Prey Capture
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Territories (small!)
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Staking Territories with Chemical Markers
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Three-spined stickleback courtship behavior
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Bee Communication
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Colonial Mammals
Naked Mole Rats
the Common Mole Rat
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Kin Selection and Altruism in the Belding Ground
Squirrel
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Ecology

• the biosphere
• behavioral biology
• population biology
• community ecology
• ecosystems

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Population Ecology

• Populations
• Life Histories
• Population Growth
• Population Limiting Factors
• Human Population /Growth

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Conservation Ecology

• Biodiversity Crisis
• Conservation at the Population and Species Level
• Conservation at the Community, Ecosystem, and
  Landscape Levels