A world in balance

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• A world in balance
• separate zones of culture
• cultural pluralism
• no real superpower
• southernization rich South and poor north
• Islamic "curtain"

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The Islamic Empires, 1500-1800
The Muslim Curtain Why?
Ottoman Empire
Safavid Empire
Mughal Empire
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The Qing Empire, 1644-191
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Global processes

• Biological exchanges
• commercial exchanges
• Diffusion of Technologies and Cultural traditions

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For Christ and spices!
Banda
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Indian Ocean voltra mar
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European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean,
1486-1498
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European exploration in the Pacific Ocean,
1519-1780.
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European Empires and Colonies in the Americas c.
1700
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Export of Tobacco from Virginia
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Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania,
1500-1800
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European trading posts in Africa and Asia, 1700
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World Population Growth, 1500-1800 CE
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Sugar and Slavery
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African Slave Exports per Century
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(No Transcript)
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Destination of Africans in the Atlantic Slave
Trade
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Portuguese Breakthroughs

• Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460)
• Promoted exploration of west African coast
• Established fortified trading posts
• 1488 Bartolomeo Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope,
  enters Indian Ocean basin
• Storms, restless crew force return
• Vasco de Gama reaches India by this route, 1497
• By 1500, a trading post at Calicut

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The Technology of Exploration

• Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century
• Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales
• Work better with cross winds
• Navigational instruments
• Knowledge of winds, currents
• The Volta do Mar
• return through the sea

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Circumnavigation of the Globe

• Vasco de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while
  searching for gold in Panama, 1513
• Distance to Asia unknown
• Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by
  Portuguese, uses Spanish support to
  circumnavigate globe in 1519-1522
• Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip
  of South America
• Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors
  survive journey
• Magellan killed in local political dispute in
  Philippine Islands

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Establishment of Trading-Post Empires

• Portuguese first to set up trading posts
• 50 by mid-16th century
• Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to
  charge duties
• Alfonso dAlbequerque major naval commander
• Architect of trade duties policy violators would
  have hands amputated
• Yet Arab traders continue to operate
• Portuguese control declines by end of 16th c.

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The Trading Companies

• Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese
• English East India Trading Company, established
  1600
• Dutch United East India Company (VOC),
  established 1602
• Privately owned ships, government support
• Empowered with right to engage in trade, build
  posts, even make war
• Exceptionally profitable

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European Conquests in Southeast Asia

• Spanish conquer Philippines, name them after King
  Philip II
• Manila becomes major port city
• Influx of Chinese traders, highly resented by
  Spanish, Fillipinos
• Frequent massacres throughout 17th, up to 19th
  century
• Significant missionary activity
• Dutch concentrate on spice trade in Indonesia
• Establish Batavia, trading post in Java
• Less missionary activity

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Exploration of the Pacific

• Spanish build Philippines-Mexico trade route
• English, Russians look for Northwest Passage to
  Asia
• Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic circle
• Norwegian Roald Amundsen completes route only in
  20th century
• Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast
  of North America
• Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait
• James Cook (England) explores southern Pacific

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The Seven Years War (1756-1763)

• Commercial rivalries between empires at sea
• Global conflict erupts multiple theatres in
  Europe, India, Caribbean, North America
• North America merges with French and Indian War,
  1754-1763
• British emerge victorious, establish primacy in
  India, Canada

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16th Europe becomes the global connector
Fragmented Europe with population of 60-70
million countries within Europe saw each other as
rivals warfare gunpowder states much violence,
competition within Europe so because they had raw
materials from Americas, and the means to expand
thanks to merchant capitalist organizations freed
from government restraints, technology, military
and they were motivated by the Renaissance and
Reformation ideas, competition with one another
(mercantilism) we see The Rise of the West