II' Thyroid Gland

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II. Thyroid Gland
A. Thyroid follicles
1. Hormones T3/T4
increase fat, glucose, and
protein metabolism
2. Trigger
stress or exposure to cold
TRH -gt TSH(Ant pit)
3. Target
many tissues
2nd messenger cAMP
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4. Hormones Manufacture and release
5. Underproduction
hypothyroidism
rate of metabolism decreases
Goiter enlargement of follicle
6. Overproduction
hyperthyroidism increase
metabolism
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Graves disease
B. Parafollicular cells
1. Hormone
Calcitonin
2. Trigger
increase in calcium levels
3. Target
bone decreases osteoclast
activity
4. Underproduction - Osteoporosis
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III Parathyroid glands
A. Hormone
Parathyroid hormone - PTH
B. Trigger
Decrease in calcium levels in
plasma
C. Target
Bone increase osteoclast
Kidneys calcium reabsorption
Intestines calcium reabsorption
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D. Underproduction
hypocalcemia
constant contraction?
calcium reduces ability to open Na
channels
E. Overproduction
normal to increased calcium levels
IV Adrenal Glands
A. Medulla
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1. Hormones
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
2. Trigger
Sympathetic neurons
Stress, exercise, low blood glucose,
excitement
3. Targets
Epinephrine - Liver -gtcAMP
Skeletal
muscle glucose to ATP
Adipose
tissue breakdown fats

Vasodilation - skeletal cardiac
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Cardiac muscle -
increase heart rate
Vasoconstriction
skin,kidneys,GI tract
B. Adrenal Cortex
1. Hormones
Mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids - cortisol
Androgens
2. Trigger
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Aldosterone Decrease in blood
pressure/volume of blood
Cortisol stress or low blood glucose
Androgens not clear - convert to
testosterone
3. Target
Aldosterone reabsorption of Na
by kidneys
Cortisol most tissues increase
protein fat breakdn
Androgens many tissues
males
converted into testosterone
females -
2nd sexual characteristics
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C. Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
1. Hypoaldosteronism
loss of water/Na
Addisons disease low
aldosterone cortisol
2. Hyperaldosteronism
3. Cushings syndrome
hypersecretion of
cortisol,androgens,aldosterone
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V. Pancreas
A. Hormones
Islet cells - alpha cells -gt
glucagon
beta cells -gt
insulin
delta cells -gt
somatostatin
B. Trigger
Insulin high glucose levels
parasympathetic
(food intake)
gastrointestinal
hormones
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Glucagon low levels of glucose
sympathetic
stimulation
C. Target
Insulin Liver, adipose tissue
muscles, appetite
control center
Receptor - phosphorylated
glucose into glycogen
amino acids converted
to proteins
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Glucagon
Liver, adipose tissue
skeletal muscle
receptor gt g protein -gt cAMP
glycogen into glucose
Somatostatin
inhibits both
insulin and glucagon
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D. Underproduction (hyposecretion of insulin)
Diabetes mellitus
Type I autoimmune destruction
of islets
inadequate
secretion of insulin
Type II inability of tissue to
respond to insulin
abnormal
receptor
abnormality in
mechanism