CANCER

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CANCER
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Cancer

• Statistics
• Second leading cause of death
• 1 in 3 will develop cancer, 1 in 5 will die
• Approx. 556,500 Americans die each year from
  cancer
• Approx. 1.3 million will be diagnosed with cancer
• African Americans have the highest mortality
  rates of cancer
• Increased rates of cancer may be due to
• Better diagnostic tools
• Aging population
• Exposure to carcinogens in the environment

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Cancer

• Abnormal cell growth
• Overtake healthy cells and destroy the organs
  involved

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Types of tumors

• Benign
• Grows slowly
• Still can kill ie. Brain tumors
• Tumor cells are tightly bound
• Malignant
• Cells are loosely bound
• May spread easily to other organs

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How Cancer Spreads

• Metastasis cancerous cells break away from the
  primary tumor and spread to other organs
• Lymphatic system
• Blood stream

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Types of Cancer

• Carcinoma 85 of cancers
• Organs, skin, nerves, membranes
• Sarcomas 2 of cancers
• Bone, blood, connective tissue
• Lymphomas lymphatic cells
• Hodgkins disease
• Leukemia blood and blood forming tissue
• Melanomas skin cancer

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Survival Rates

• Cured means no sign of cancer 5 years after
  treatment
• Early detection is the key to survival
• Lung cancer lowest survival rate
• 15 live five years after diagnosis
• Colon and rectal cancer
• 93 for colon cancer and 77 survive rectal
  cancer
• Breast cancer
• 98 survival rate with early detection, otherwise
  may drop to 25
• Ovarian cancer
• 85 survival with early detection versus 30

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General Treatment

• Surgery
• Removal of cancerous tissue
• Radiation therapy
• High energy doses to kill cancer cells
• Chemotherapy
• Medicine that kills the cancer cells
• May block blood supply to tumor and prevent
  development of new blood vessels
• Unpleasant side effects
• Immunotherapy
• Bolster immune system to destroy the cancer cells

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Lung Cancer

• Lowest survival rate
• Early detection is difficult
• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death
  in women
• Female lung cancer rates have decreased 2 year
  since 1998
• Death rates for women unchanged since 1995
• Smoking causes over 85 of lung cancer in men
• Alters the genetic material of the pulmonary
  cells
• Smoking paralyzes the cilia in the lungs
• The earlier you start smoking, the greater damage
  to the genetic material
• Treatment is surgery, radiation and chemotherapy

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CILIA
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Lungs
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Breast Cancer

• High survival rate if it is detected early
• Approx 215,000 women/yr in USA diagnosed with
  breast cancer
• 40,000 die each yr
• One in 8 women develop breast cancer, 1 in 25
  will die from it

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Breast Cancer

• Women at risk
• History of breast cancer
• Genetic mutation BRCA1 or BRCA2
• Family history
• Benign breast disease
• Dense breast tissue
• First child at 30 or older or no children
• Early menarche before the age of 12

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Breast Cancer

• Women at risk
• Alcohol consumption more then 2-5 drinks per
  day
• Diet high in saturated fats
• Weight gain of 30-50 lbs during pregnancy
• HRT
• Obesity
• 2/3 of women over 50 are overweight
• Estimate that weight contributes to 1/3 to1/2 of
  all breast cancer deaths
• Smokers
• One pack per day increases your risk 4-5 times
• Breast cancer in men

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Breast Cancer

• Prevention
• Monthly breast self exam
• Preformed one week after the end of the menstrual
  cycle

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Breast Cancer

• Monthly breast self exam

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Breast Cancer

• Prevention
• Mammography
• Yearly mammogram starting at age 40

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Breast Cancer
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Breast Cancer

• Treatment
• Needle biopsy
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation

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Breast Cancer Surgery
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Cervical Cancer

• Cancer in the cervical area of the uterus
• 13,000 yr diagnosed
• 4000 deaths per year

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Cervical Cancer

• Risk factors
• Lower socioeconomic status
• Sexually active before 18
• Multiple partners
• Women with herpes virus
• Women with human papilloma virus

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Cervical Cancer

• Prevention
• PAP smear
• Minimum requirement is once every three years
  after you have had two normal pap smears one year
  apart
• Cervical cancer vaccine

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Ovarian Cancer

• Cancer of the ovaries
• 85 survival if detected early
• 30 survival if it has spread

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Ovarian Cancer

• Prevention
• Women need to have regular medical exams to pick
  up early symptoms
• Early detection difficult because of vague
  symptoms
• HRT for menopausal symptoms may increase ovarian
  cancer rates by 30
• Treatment
• Surgery, chemotherapy

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Mens Health

• In general men fail to get routine check-ups and
  delay care
• 1 in 3 men have no regular MD
• 50 of men did not have a physical or cholesterol
  checked in the previous yr.
• Men over 50
• 6 in 10 have not been screened for colon cancer
• 4 in 10 have not been screened for prostate cancer

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Prostate Cancer

• Approx. 232,000 new cases each year, 30,000 die
  each year
• Risk factors
• Age over 50
• Family history
• Afro-Americans
• High fat diet
• BRCA 1 and 2 mutations
• Obesity

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Prostate Cancer
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Prostate Cancer

• Prevention
• PSA prostate specific antigen, blood test
• Men over 50 should have it done yearly
• African Americans should have it done yearly over
  the age of 40
• Routine PSA would reduce deaths by 69
• Digital rectal exam
• Should be done yearly
• Treatment
• Surgery
• Radiation
• chemotherapy

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Testicular Cancer

• Occurs in men between 15-34 yrs
• Kills 42,000/yr
• Greater risk if there is a family history
• Treatment includes surgery, chemo, radiation

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Testicular Self ExamEvery 6-8 Weeks
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Colon Cancer

• Five year survival rate
• Early detection 93
• 150,000 diagnosed every year in California

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Colon Cancer

• Risk factors
• Genetic predisposition
• Diet
• High in red meat
• Low in veggies and fruit
• Smoking
• Prevention
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Over 50 years, one every 3-5 yrs
• Digital rectal exam
• Looking for blood in the stool
• Low dose ASA
• Decreases rates of polyps

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Colon Cancer
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Colon Cancer
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Colon Cancer
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Skin Cancer

• 96 cure rate with early detection versus
• 16 with late detection
• Most common type of cancer
• One million cases diagnosed per year in the US
• 10,590 deaths per year in US

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Skin Cancer

• Basal cell carcinoma
• Most common type, one million new cases/yr
• 80 of new cases of skin cancer
• Found in areas exposed to the sun, face, neck,
  arms, ears, hands
• Small bump on skin that may bleed or crust over

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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Skin Cancer

• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Second most common
• 16 of new cases
• On ears, face, lips, mouth
• Red, scaly patches

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Skin Cancer

• Melanoma
• 4 of cases
• 50,000 per year diagnosed in US
• 5000 cases/yr in California
• 7700 die each year
• Most common cancer in women between 25-29
• Most dangerous and spreads rapidly
• Found mainly on back, chest, abdomen, legs
• Brown or black spot or bump
• Irregular color or shape
• Bleeds easily

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Skin Cancer

• Risk factors for melanoma
• Blistering sunburn before the age of 20
• U/V radiation through sun exposure or tanning
  beds
• Family or personal history of melanoma
• Fair complexion
• Blue or green eyes
• Blond or red hair
• People with numerous moles

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Melanoma
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Sun Protection

• SPF 15 for face and lips
• 90 of visible aging due to the sun
• Avoid sun between 10-3
• Apply sunscreen 30 min. before exposure
• Reapply every 2 hours
• Use sunscreen with UVA and UVB protection
• Wear protective clothing
• Avoid tanning salons
• Visiting tanning salon once or more a month
  increases the rate of melanoma by 55

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Sun Protection
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Skin Cancer

• Early detection
• A asymmetry
• B border
• Irregular, notched, scallop, jagged
• C color
• More then one color, brown and black
• D diameter
• Larger then 6 mm, size of the tip of a pencil
  eraser
• Treatment
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy

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General Prevention

• Diet
• 5-6 servings per day of fruit and veggies
• Low fat
• Reduce amount of high fat red meat
• Increase fiber
• Provides bulk to quickly move food through colon
• Decreases rate of colon cancer
• Eliminate salt cured foods
• Bacon, ham, sausage, lunch meats, hot dogs
• Use nitrates to preserve pink color, but linked
  to cancer
• Increase fish

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General Prevention

• Obesity
• Accounts for 14 of cancer in men and 20 cancer
  in women
• Fat leads to overproduction of estrogen and
  steroid hormones linked to breast, endocrine
  cancer
• Leads to increase insulin production associated
  with cancer
• Linked to colon, rectal, prostate, endometrial,
  kidney and breast cancer

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General Prevention

• Alcohol
• Related to cancer of the mouth, pharynx,
  esophagus, larynx, liver
• Heavy drinkers who smoke have a 15 times increase
  risk of developing cancer then non-smokers and
  non-drinkers

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General Prevention

• Drugs
• Estrogen linked to uterine and breast cancer
• DES
• Pollution
• Contaminated water
• Asbestos

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7 Warning Signs

• C hange in bowel or bladder habits
• A sore that does not heal
• U nusual bleeding or discharge
• T hickening or lump in the breast
• I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing
• O bvious change or discharge in a mole
• N agging cough or hoarseness

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Steps to Decrease Risk of Cancer

• Stop smoking
• Alcohol in moderation
• Eat more vegetables
• Eat high fiber foods
• Eat more foods with vitamin A, C
• Avoid obesity
• Decrease fat in diet
• Eat fewer salt cured, smoked or nitrate cured
  foods
• Stay out of the sun