Minoan fresco Knossos

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Minoan fresco - Knossos
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Minoan Fresco
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Minoan fresco - Dolphins
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Minoan Bull-leaping fresco
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Snake goddess Knossos
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Clay tablet with Linear A
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Clay tablet Linear B
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Linear B Amphora
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Cycladean musician2500 1100 BC
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Cycladean votive figure2500 110 BC
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Heinrich Schleiman
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Mask of Agamemmnon
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Walls of Mycenae
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Periclesc. 490 429 BC
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Aspasia
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• The task is not so much to see what no one has
  yet seen, but to think what no one has yet
  thought, about that which everybody sees.
• Erwin Schrodinger
• (1887 1961)

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What one substance is the essential element of
the universe?

• Thales the world is made of water
• Anaximander the world is made of a substance
  called apeiron, which producese the basic
  elements of earth, air, water, and fire
• Anaximenes the world is made of air
• Leucippus/Democritus the world is made of atoms
• Pythagoras the world is an embodiment of
  numbers
• Heraclitus the world is made of fire

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Thales620 555BC
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Leucippus and Democritus500 BC
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Heraclitus
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Pythagorasc. 530 BC
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Hippocrates460 377 BC
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• The pre-Socratics were the first philosophers in
  ancient Greece. They proposed theories about the
  nature of the universe and about its origins
• The pre-Socratics were not especially interested
  in people and how we should act. The sophists,
  on the other hand, were keenly interested in
  people
• The sophists were philosophers interested in
  using knowledge to their own advantage. They
  tended to believe that truth and virtue are
  whatever people make of them
• Socrates became famous for getting people to
  think more carefully about their ideas of virtue.
  He was seen as a threat to society and chose to
  die rather than renounce his beliefs.

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Socrates469 399 BC
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Plato427 347 BC
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Anamnesis

• The notion that although we forget the ideal
  reality, we can sometimes remember it again.
• Explanation for how we can know things even if we
  have never experienced them.

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• Plato turned to philosophy when he was
  disillusioned with politics
• Plato believed that the world of appearances is
  only a shadowy emanation of an ideal reality
• We can come to know the ideal world of forms
  through inductive reasoning and by remembering
  what weve always known
• In Platos ideal republic, philosophers rule with
  the help of soldiers, keeping the tradespeople in
  line

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Putting Plato to work for you

• Use Platos idea of the illusory to explain why
  you have no idea whats going on. When someone
  asks you what happened in the class you just
  slept through, say These passing shadows we call
  reality provide only the merest hints of an
  invisible truth.

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Change

• Heraclitus Change is the natural result of
  things colliding with their opposites
• Parmenides Change is illusory. It only looks
  like things change. In reality, everything is
  always the same
• Plato change shows how inferior things are to
  their unchanging, IDEAL form
• Aristotle Change has a purpose and happens when
  things become what they should be
• Darwin Change occurs randomly, but changes may
  be passed along through natural selection

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Aristotle
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Putting Aristotle to work for you

• Use Aristotles idea that thinking has an
  essential human purpose as an excuse to slack off
  from work. Say, I am not goofing off, I am
  thinking about things and by thinking I am
  fulfilling my purpose as a rational creature.

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Causality

• Cause is not just what happens leading up to an
  event. It is a goal being realized, a sense of
  purpose. The outcome is already out there and
  pulling events along to it.

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Four Kinds of Causes

• Material Cause the matter or substance that
  things are made out of that allows change to take
  place
• Efficient Cause the event that precedes and
  leads to an outcome
• Formal Cause the internal, essential propulsion
  leading to change
• Final Cause the external end or purpose served
  by a change

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The Golden Mean

• The notion of avoiding extremes
• Lifes greatest purpose is to live well
• Denial is unnecessary as long as a person avoids
  going overboard
• Your purpose as a human being is to enjoy things
  in moderation (Augustine)

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Putting Aristotles ideas to work for you

• Use Aristotles concept of the golden mean to
  explain why its actually good that you are
  mediocre at something. Say, Of course Im not
  an outstanding student. The whole purpose of
  academics is ruined when it is taken to excess.

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Deductive Reasoning

• Aristotle invented this form of reasoning using
  the syllogism
• The basis for geometry
• Two premises (both of which must be true) and a
  conclusion
• All men are mortal
• Socrates is a man
• Therefore Socrates is mortal

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Three Greek Principles

• Humanism belief in the dignity and inherent
  worth of human beings
• Realism fidelity to nature
• Idealism commitment to an underlying standard
  of perfection

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Geometric PeriodAmphora1200 700 BC
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Geometric style
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Geometric style
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Geometric amphora
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Archaic Period700 480 BC
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Archaic PeriodAmphora
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Archaic period vaseAchilles and Ajax playing a
game
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Archaic PeriodBlack figure vase
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Classical Period 480 323 BC
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Classical Period urn
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Classical urn
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ClassicalPeriod
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The Calf Bearer
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KourosArchaic Period700 480 BC
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Rampkin Horseman
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Kritios
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Kritios boy
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Chiton
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Chios Kore
Peplos Kore
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Charioteer of Delphi
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Bronze Warrior
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Bronze Warrior
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Spear ThrowerRoman copy of a Greek bronze
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Kore
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Discobolus by Myron
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Aphrodite of Knidos
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Phidias
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Doric Order
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Ionic Order
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Erectheum Ionic capital
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Corinthian Order
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Greek temple at Corinth
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Contemporary aerial viewThe Acropolis
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Model of the Acropolis
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AthenaParthenon
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Statue of AthenaatThe Parthenon
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Parthenon Diagram
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Pediments
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East pedimentWest Pediment
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Parthenon Plan
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Labor of Heracles metope
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Centaur strikes a Lapith metope
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Lapith tackles a centaur south side metope
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South metopes reconstruction
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North frieze
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East frieze
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East Frieze
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Fragment of the Cavalcade
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West frieze Cavalcade
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Porch of the Maidens
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ErectheumPorch of the Maidens
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Porch of the maidens
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Athena Nike Temple Ionic Order
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ReliefofNike
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Athena
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Phidias
Horatio Greenough, 1840
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Roman bust of Homer
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Seven reasons why Homer was a great writer
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Drama in the Age of Pericles

• Developed from the rites of Dionysus
• 534 BC Thespis introduced an answerer
• 30,000 people would assemble to see a performance
• State provided funds for 3 actors
• Competitions pitted three tragedies and five
  comedies

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Three Great Tragedians

• Aeschylus
• Sophocles
• Euripides

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Structure of Tragedy

• Tragic Discovery Oedipus
• Tragic Decision - Bacchae

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• Early episodes - various characters try to deter
  main person and thereby avert tragedy
• Middle episodes nothing works, hero goes
  headlong into disaster. His downfall follows
  immediately
• Final episodes messenger arrives and report
  catastrophe. KOMMOS lyric exchange between
  chorus and important characters

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Chorus

• Breaks up the monotony
• Provides emotional relief
• Interprets action
• Frequently serves as a foil for the main
  character
• Introduces characters
• May express political/philosophical ideas of the
  plot

Stasimon Chorus from Orestes by Euripides
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Greek Terms

• Hubris wanton insolence, arrogance from pride,
  violent anger presumption (originally toward the
  gods) self-confidence.
• Hamartia to fail of ones purpose, to go wrong
  (to miss the mark or target), error, mistake in
  judgment. According to Aristotle an error
  derived from ignorance of some material fact or
  circumstance (ignorance combined with absence of
  wicked intent).
• Catharsis -climax that constitutes overwhelming
  feelings of great pity, sorrow, laughter, fear,
  or any extreme change in emotion that results in
  the renewal, restoration and revitalization for
  living.

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Catharsis

• Found in connection with the complex reaction of
  pity and fear.
• Pity - a state of mind that is occasioned by
  undeserved misfortune.
• Fear understanding another person's distress
  and then projecting the possibility of this
  distress happening to us.

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The Tragic Character

• A character who is eminently good and just. Yet
  whose misfortune is brought about not by vice or
  depravity but by some error or frailty