The Renaissance 1450 - 1750

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The Renaissance1450 - 1750
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The Rebirth

• of

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• Learning
• Intellectual discovery
• Geographical discovery
• Religious discovery
• Individualism
• Culture

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• Books and education - available to more people
• Copernicus - a sun-centered universe - 1543
• Galileo - the telescope - the universe is an
  infinite sea of stars - 1610
• Leonardo da Vinci - the ultimate Renaissance
  Man
• Gutenberg - the printing press
• Isaac Newton - gravity
• Columbus - the new world
• Magellan - first to circumnavigate the world
• Martin Luther - challenged the church
• Self and privacy - a new concept
• A growing middle class, education,
• eating utensils, etiquette, manners

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Italy _at_1375

• Europe England _at_1500

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Italian City-States

• Florence, Venice, Ferrara, Rome, VERONA
• Grew larger and more powerful
• Internal wars were fierce
• Feuds were a way of life

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Social class dictated life-style

• Nobility feared mobility
• Strict laws of
• Apprenticeship
• Fashion
• Courtesy
• Inheritance (Primogeniture)

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A great place to visit

• but

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It was good to be

• Wealthy
• Male
• Educated
• Talented

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It was not so great to be

• A peasant or common laborer
• A woman
• Uneducated
• A doctor / apothecary (pharmacist)

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The upper class

• Well-rounded education for males - athletics,
  arts, letters, politics, morals, the art of
  NONCHALENCE
• Elaborate rules for etiquette, table manners.
  Fighting (Tybalt and Mercutio)
• Hands, face, clothing relatively clean
• Access to perfumes and sweetmeats (breath mints)
• Privacy (Juliet even had her own bedroom!!!)

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Males

• Educated at school or by a tutor
• Could come and go as they pleased (Romeo and the
  guys could wander around Verona all night!)
• Could inherit
• Complete control

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Females

• Very little freedom (Juliet couldnt even leave
  the house except to go to confession!)
• Property of their fathers and then their husbands
• Marriage was a business deal
• Often died in childbirth (children often died in
  infancy)
• Chose not to marry - had to live with male
  relatives or join a convent
• QUEEN ELIZABETH BROKE THE MOLD!

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Queen Elizabeth broke the mold!

• Never married so wouldnt lose inheritance
  (primogeniture was still the rule) and legal
  rights
• Was well-educated and independent
• Was more tolerant of individual beliefs

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The peasants

• Short, hard, painful life
• Unaffected by advancements in art and culture

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Doctors

• Often were quacks
• No way to learn about medicine
• Ignorance killed more than were healed
• Adult illness death

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The issue of hygiene

• Mistrusted water no real baths
• wiped dirt off hands, face, clothing
• No dental care bad breath and rotten teeth
  (Juliets nurse refers to her own lack of teeth!)
• Used perfume and sweetmeats (Queen Mab speech) to
  mask odors of dirty bodies, bad breath
• the peasants just looked and smelled bad!

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The Four Elements
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The Four Elements

• Composed everything in the universe
• The qualities of being combinations of the
  elements
• Most people had more of one than the others
• A balance more intelligent and perceptive

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The Four Humours
BLOOD YELLOW BILE BLACK BILE Phlegm
Sanguine (liver) Choleric (spleen) Melancholic (gall bladder) Phlegmatic (brain/lungs)
Spring (wet/hot) Summer (hot/dry) Autumn (dry/cold) Winter (wet/cold)
air fire earth water
Optimistic Cheerful Confident Amorous Ambitious Dominate Angers easily Violent Kind Creative Perfectionist Lazy Calm Unemotional Reliable Apathetic

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Humours and Personality
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Religion - THE REFORMATION

• Early 16th century
• Martin Luther and John Calvin - believed the
  Catholic church was corrupt and not following the
  word of God
• Protestants protestors
• Salvation by faith rather than works
• All people should have access to the Bible

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What should I believe?????
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Henry VIII

• 1534 - excommunicated by the Pope for
  establishing Church of England in order to
  divorce Catherine of Aragon
• Parliament confirmed divorce and new marriage to
  Anne Boleyn Acts of Succession
• Parliament named Henry VIII Supreme Head of the
  Church of England Act of Supremacy
• Henry persecuted Catholics, radical Protestant
  reformers, and anyone loyal to Rome

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Edward VI

• 1547 - 10 years old
• Protestant
• Solidified break with Catholic church

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Mary I

• 1553 - after Edward VI died
• A Catholic
• Executed over 300 Protestants
• Bloody Mary

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Elizabeth I

• 1558-1603
• Restored Protestantism
• More tolerant
• Unmarried - often called the virgin queen
• Her purity symbolized Englands purity

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All royalty believed in THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS

• Appointed by God
• Allowed no opposition

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The Church of England

• Man is so wicked that he is not expected to atone
  for his sins - belief is the only necessary
  factor for salvation
• The Church is not necessary for salvation
• The only source of authority is scripture
• Only two sacraments - baptism and communion
• Pope has no authority
• No Purgatory - you go straight to heaven or hell
• Selling indulgences is a vice
• Personal relationship with God
• Ministers can marry (although the queen would
  rather they didnt!)
• Rituals are in vernacular - not Latin

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Religion after Elizabeth

• Treason to convert to Catholicism - penalty
  hang, drawn, and quartered
• Fined and jailed for attending Mass or hiding
  priests
• Anyone may be required to swear to the Oath of
  Supremacy - The Pope has no power - and be ready
  to prove your agreement

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HUMANISM

• Studied the classics
• Valued innovation in THIS world instead of
  looking forward to death
• Human values over religious beliefs
• To each species of creature has been allotted a
  peculiar and instinctive gift. To horses
  galloping, to birds flying, comes naturally. To
  man only is given the desire to learn