2' session, 2nd of March

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2. session, 2nd of March

• democratic transformationand consolidation
• pathways of system transformation

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transition and consolidationby Juan Linz and
Alfred Stepan

• transformation general key expression
• liberalisation relaxation of repression
• democratization garanty of special forms of
  political partizipation
• transition transit phase to democratic system,
  free elections, legitimized governments cannot be
  restricted by notlegitimated powers
• consolidation democracy as only game in town

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Samuel Huntingtons three waves of democatization

• 1. 1828-1926, Britain, France, USA
• 2. 1943-1926 India, Israel, Japan, West Germany
• 3. 1974-1991 Southern Europe, Latin America,
  parts of Africa, CEE
• Klaus von Beyme CEE as fourth wave

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theoretical reasons for break down of old regimes
and for transformation

• modernization theory (socio-economical)
• structuralistic theory (change of power, change
  of classes)
• cultural theory (social traditions, norms)
• actorcentrated theory (microlevel,
  counter-elites, rational-choice-decisions)

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ways of transition and institutional engineering
4 main categories

• 1. bottom up - result often parl. system (Czech
  R., exception Hung.)
• 2. top down - old elites stay, result often pres.
  system (Russia, Bulgaria, Romania)
• 3. negotiated transition - result semi-pres.
  system (Poland)
• 4. regime collaps (Germany 45)
• general slowly/fast (big bang), peaceful/bloody,
  state separation

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CEE - the transformation triangledilemma of
simultaneity by Claus Offe
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legitimacy of constitution

• high developed in elected constitutional
  assembly and adopted by referendum
• low developed in not-elected state
  commission and adopted by state commission

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groupwork

• discuss with your neighbours
• how do you understand consolidation(democracy as
  only game in town)?
• find 4 key aspects

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consolidation

• after CEE-change, focus on consolidation of
  democracies
• paradigma shift in political science

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consolidation by Wolfgang Merkel

• Level 1
• institutional consolidation
• main institutions/constitution/electoral system
• minimal elite consensus
• empiri result efficiency seems bigger in
  parliamentary systems

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Level 2

• representative consolidation
• building of structures of interest representation
  (parties, interest groups)
• sphere between state and society
• weak interest organizations overcharge parties
  and parliaments

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Level 3

• consolidation of behaviour
• central actors/elite trust in institutions
• no relevant veto-players (military, radical
  groups)

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level 4

• consolidation of civic culture
• democratic political culture, support of
  democracy
• activ civil society

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Pathways of system transformationHungary

• since 1964 authoritarian, econimically not
  totally restricted (goulash-communism)
• phase of reformism 85-87, in MSZMP soft- vs.
  hard-liners, dissidents in society
• 87 to 89 open articulation of opp. groups
• summer 89 mass demonstrations/ round table
  between party and opp., compromise decision
  about elections, constitutional court, party
  foundings
• dissolution of MSZMP 10/89/elections 3/90
• special no new constitution

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Czech republic

• history Prague spring 1968, 1st attempt
• soft revolution
• student protests in 11/89, bloody reaction/result
  mass demonstrations/ strike
• consultations between KSC and Opp. (OF)
• decision for compromise government
• 11/89 Havel becomes president

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Poland

• negotiated transition
• role of solidarnosc/church
• summer 88 strikes begun, demonstrations led by
  dockyard workers (Walesa)
• polish round table (from 2/89), by PZPR,
  Solid., chruch, model for others
• result half free elections 89, comunistic
  president

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Russia

• lack of democratic traditions/new state
• 80ies perestroika and glasnost in UdSSR by
  Gorbatshev
• souvereignity efforts in Russia 90
• collaps of UdSSR 12/91
• year of crisis 93. Jelzin creates constitution in
  appointed conferences/parliament rejects Jelzin
  dissolves
• Jelzin wins war on constitution

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Belarus

• lack of democratic traditions/new state
• strong soviet identity/unwilling stateness
• good economic development in UdSSR
• new constitution in 94 by parliament
• Lukashenka president since 94/ in 96 referendum
  cold putsch
• since then totalitarian regime