IPv6 Addressing Networking Concepts

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IPv6 AddressingNetworking Concepts

• D.A. Clements

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Just a thought
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IP Addresses

• Example 162.10.12.120
• Each number is an octet
• Each octets value can range from 0-255
• Each octet is 8 bits
• (octagon is 8-sided octet is a set of 8 bits)
• 8 bits can hold a number in binary from 0-255
• 0000 0000 to 1111 1111 in binary (base-2
  arithmetic)
• Each IP address is 4 octets, or a 32-bit number
• 32 binary bits 232 4,294,967,296 unique
  values!

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IP Address Exhaustion

• IP protocols set by Internet Engineering Task
  Force (IETF)
• IPv4 Current!
• Standardized in September of 1981
• Four octets written as the numbers in the binary
  code, separated by dots
• Example 168. 240.123.97
• 32 binary bits 232 4,294,967,296 unique
  values!
• Estimated exhaustion 4-20 years
• IPv6 Upcoming!
• Sixteen octets
• Eight groups of 4 hexadecimal code, separated by
  colons like a faceted classification system
• Example 20010db885a308d313198a2e03707334
• 128 binary bits 2128 a heck of a lot of
  addresses340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431
  ,768,211,456

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IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
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NAT (Network Address Translation)

• Currently,
• An ISP assigns an IP address to a router
• Router has a NAT table
• Router assigns addresses to all the nodes/hosts
  on the network
• NAT for incoming and outgoing messages can be a
  traffic jam
• IPv6 means
• no more NAT
• faster speed

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IPv4 vs. IPv6

• IPv6
• 128 bits long, written in hexadecimal, and
  separated by colons
• Colons separate 16-bit fields
• Standardized in 1992 as the next generation of IP
• Originally called IPng (now known as IPv6)
• IPv6 has not gained wide implementation
• Released by most vendors of networking equipment
• Will eventually become the dominant standard
• ( Y2K delayed the rush to rollout IPv4
  preservation reduced pressure)
• Both
• Leading zeros can be omitted in each field
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

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IPv6 Demand?

• IPv4 address space is becoming scarce
• Growing demand for Internet-enabled devices
• Wireless carriers want a unique IP address for
  every phone, pager, and PDA
• Household appliance makers are experimenting with
  smart connected devices such as refrigerators and
  washing machines
• Lack of a killer application has slowed its
  acceptance in the commercial world

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Whats Happening in IPv6

• Late 2004Cernet2 activated
• The next-generation Internet in China
• Largest IPv6 network in the world
• U.S. government's deadline for IPv6 rollout and
  compliance was February 2008
• Businesses with Asia-Pacific or U.S. government
  interests, might be pulled into IPv6 sooner

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China Education Research Network (CERNET2)

• Largest next-generation Internet network in
  operation in the world
• Based on pure IPv6 technology
• Connects 25 universities in 20 cities
• Expected to expand to 100 universities
• Connects the universities at 1 to 10 Gbps
• Backbone speed reaches 2.5 to 10 Gbps
• Reached 40 Gbps on 12/7/2004

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CERNET2 Topology
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IPv6 Standards

• 128-bit address (IPv4 is 32-bit)
• 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,45
  6 possibilities.
• Adopted in 1994, the Internet Engineering Task
  Force (IETF) RFC 1752
• Working groups were formed to address
• Address depletion
• Quality of service
• Address autoconfiguration
• Authentication
• Security

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IPv6 New Features

• Host can automatically discover network info
• Address of a local gateway router
• Analysts say this feature will
• Eliminate much manual configuration minutia from
  user
• Pay back the cost of converting to IPv6-based
  technology within a year
• Easy way to make additions, changes and deletions
  to network
• Protocol header has been greatly simplified
• Unused fields are made optional
• Data should traverse network more quickly with
  less overhead
• Technology to prioritize the flow of traffic over
  backbone
• Called "flow labeling
• Standard way for hosts to specify special
  handling of certain traffic types
• Important for future multimedia or time sensitive
  applications

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The Change Over

• IPv6 is a plug-and-play replacement for IPv4
• All major operating system and network hardware
  vendors support IPv6
• ISPs are starting to offer IPv6 connectivity
• Main impediment to IPv6 deployment
• Effort required for organizations to re-address
  millions of computers, routers and other Internet
  devices
• Slowly starting to gain momentum

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IPv6 vs. IPv4 Addresses
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IPv6 addresses

• 3ffe501185b12e018fffea816f5
• High-order 64 bitsrepresents a specific device
• 32 bits identify the RIR, such as ARIN
• 16 bits identify the local Internet registry or
  ISP
• 16 bits identify the site to which the address
  belongs
• Similar to Class-B address block up to 65,536
  devices
• Low-order 64 bitsrepresents a device interface
• Derived using the IEEE EUI-64 format
• On LAN interfaces, the Interface ID adds a 16-bit
  field to the interface MAC address

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IPv6 Address Format

• Written in hexadecimal. (Not case sensitive.)
• A series of eight 16-bit fields, separated by
  colons.
• Allows multiple levels of aggregation.
• The leading 0s in a field are optional (003c
  3c).
• Contiguous fields of all 0s can be written as
  (two colons) once in an address.
• Examples of IPv6 Addresses
• 1234567890abcdef100122022badbabe
• abcd1001 (equals abcd000000000000000000000
  0001001)
• a1beef3add2121 (00a1beef3add021200000000
  00000001)
• (equals all zeros)

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IPv6 Address Types

• Unicast Addressed to a single interface
• Anycast A set of interfaces that typically
  belong to different nodes. Packet delivered to
  the nearest interface in the anycast group
• Multicast A set of interfaces that typically
  belong to different nodes. Packet delivered to
  all interfaces in the multicast group
• No broadcast Function are superseded by
  multicast

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IPv6 Anycast Addresses
send to any one member of this group

• New, unique type of address found in IPv6
• Conceptual cross between unicast and multicast
  addressing
• Normally sent to the closest destination in
  routing terms
• send to the closest member of this group.
• The device easiest to reach
• Allows load sharing among routers
• Allows dynamic flexibility if certain routers go
  out of service
• No special anycast addressing scheme
• Anycast addresses are the same as unicast
  addresses
• Created automatically when a unicast address is
  assigned to more than one interface
• Designed for devices that are proximate to each
  other
• Generally in the same network.
• Due to the inexperience with anycast in the
  Internet community
• Presently anycast addresses are used only by
  routers and not individual hosts

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Transitioning to IPv6 from IPv4

• Dual Stack method
• Run both versions on the routers interfaces.
• Manual tunnels
• Connect areas of IPv6 separated by areas using
  IPv4
• Tunnel endpoints must be dual stacked
• 6to4 tunnels
• Routers configure this automatically
• Each 6 to 4 site is given a network address of
  2002 concatenated with the hex equivalent of the
  edge router IPv4 address
• IPv6 traffic is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet
  addressed to the other edge router
• IPv6 Routing support
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
  (EIGRP)
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Integrated Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
  System (IS-IS)
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

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End papers

• I'm not dumb. I just have a command of thoroughly
  useless information.
• Calvin, of Calvin and Hobbes