Basic to advance Networking

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BASIC TO ADVANCED NETWORKING TUTORIALS

• PRESENTED BY-
• VARINDER SINGH WALIA

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SOME BASICS OF NETWORKING
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TOPOLOGYTopology is the structural design of
communication model depicted physically or
logically.PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

• Physical topology is the placement of the various
  components of a network, including device
  location and cable installation
• Example LAN has one or more physical links to
  other devices in the network graphically mapping
  these links results in a geometric shape that can
  be used to describe the physical topology of the
  network. 

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LOGICAL TOPOLOGY

• ICMP INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL
• Used to communicate between two devices . Ping
  command help in implementation of ICMP
• IPx/SPx - INTERNET PACKET EXCHANGE / SEQUENCE
  PACKET EXCHANGE
• Developed by Novell company for LAN and MAN
• NET- Bios  - Network Basic Input / Output System
  
• It is a program that allows applications on
  different computers to communicate within a local
  area network (LAN).
• It was created by IBM for its early PC Network,
  was adopted by Microsoft, and has since become a
  de facto industry standard.
• Nwlink IPx/ SPx
• NWLink packages data to be compatible with
  client/server services on NetWare Networks.
• SMTP SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOLS
• It is used for electronic mailing

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• POP3 - POST OFFICE PROTOCOL 3
• It is the most recent version of a standard
  protocol for receiving e-mail.
•  POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail
  is received and held for you by your Internet
  server.
• FTP - FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
• It is a standard network protocol used to
  transfer computer files between a client and
  server on a computer network.
• TFTP TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
• It is an Internet software utility for
  transferring files that is simpler to use than
  the File Transfer Protocol but less capable.
• It is used where user authentication and
  directory visibility are not required.
• It is used as backup to recovery files
• HTTP HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL
• It is an application protocol for distributed,
  collaborative, hypermedia information systems. 
• It is the foundation of data communication for
  the World Wide Web.
• Hypertext is structured text that uses logical
  links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text
• HTTP functions as a requestresponse protocol in
  the clientserver computing model. 

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• HTTPS HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL SECURE
• It is advanced version of http
• DHCP DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL
• It is a client/server protocol that automatically
  provides an Internet Protocol host with its IP
  address and other related configuration
  information such as the Subnet Mask and Default
  Gateway.
• TELNET-
• It is an application layer protocol used on
  the Internet or local area networks to provide a
  bidirectional interactive text-oriented
  communication facility using a virtual terminal
  connection
• SSH SECURE SHELL PROTOCOL
• It is used for security purpose like
  authentication for username , password etc.
• ARP ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL
• It is a protocol used by the Internet Protocol
  to map IP network addresses to the hardware
  addresses used by a data link protocol
• RARP REVERSE ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL
• It is used to convert MAC address to IP address

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• ADVANCED NETWORKING

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ROUTER

• It is a route device which defines router of data
  
• It reads the packet and filter them
• It works on IP address network
• It manages all traffic inside the routing
• Here we are dealing with ROUTER 2811

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SWITCH

• Switch is a computer networking device that
  connects devices together on a computer network,
  by using packet switching to receive, process and
  forward data to the destination device. 
• Here we are going to deal with SWITCH 2960-24T

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IP ADDRESSING and SUBNETTINGIP ADDRESSING

• Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a
  numerical label assigned to each device (e.g.,
  computer, printer) participating in a computer
  network that uses the Internet Protocol for
  communication.
• Types of IP address
• IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4
• IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6

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SUBNETTING

• It is process of dividation of IPs into subparts.
• We require subnetting in order to reduce the cost
• Example Suppose we want to buy 100 IPs and each
  having cost of 260
• gt Total Cost 260 100gt 26000
• But through subnetting we need only single IP
  which is divided through subnetting into
  different IPs as below
• Example 192.168.1.0 Main IP
• 192.168.1.1
• 192.168.1.2
• 192.168.1.3 and so
  on

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CONCEPT OF CLASSES

• There are five types of classes namely A,B,C,D,E
  described below.
• But in Practical Networking we prefer CLASS C
  only.

S.NO CLASS NETWORK BIT HOST BIT RANGE SUBNET WILDMASK
1 A 8 24 1-126 255.0.0.0 0.255.2555.255
2 B 16 16 128-191 255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255
3 C 24 8 192-223 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255
4 D BROADCAST 224-239
5 E RESEARCH 240-255
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CORPS INFORMATION SYSTEM CONTROL OFFICER (CISCO)

• Cisco Systems  is an American multinational techno
  logy company headquartered in San Jose,
  California, that designs, manufactures and
  sells networking equipment.
•  It is considered to be the biggest networking
  company in the world.
• It is a MNC which deals in Networking Hardware
  Devices.
• It provides three certifications
• CCNA CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE/ADMINISTR
  ATOR
• CCNP CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK PROFESSIONAL
• CCIE CISCO CERTIFIED INTERNETWORK EXPERT
• NOTE Here we are going to deal with CCNA

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• CISCO CERTIFIED
• NETWORK
• ADMINISTRATOR/ ASSOCIATE
• (CCNA)

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ROUTING
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ROUTING

• It means allocating the suitable and appropriate
  path by the router to the message/packets from
  source to destination i.e Tx to Rx and vice
  versa.
• The device used for this mechanism used is called
  ROUTING and the device used is called ROUTER
• Here we are going to deal with ROUTER 2811
• CISCO Routers have four ports for inserting
  WIC-2T card generating two serial ports from each
  card.
• It has two Fast Ethernet ports namely fa 0/0 and
  fa 0/1 used for connecting devices through copper
  straight wire
• It also have 8 serial ports generated two by each
  WIC-2T card. These ports are used for only serial
  connections through Serial DATA TRANSFER
  EQUIPMENT (DTE) wire

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BASIC CONFIGURATION

• It is done on Router
• Router with Switch and PC
• Select Router 2811
• Double click on it and a box will appear.
• Switch Off the Power
• Insert WIC-2T Cards as per requirement .
• Each card will give rise to Two different Serial
  Ports like 0/0/0 ,0/1/0 etc.
• Then take Switch-2960 and connect both with
  Copper Straight Wire.
• At last attach PC with Switch using same wire.
• Then click on Router And Then CLI Mode.
• Then write the following configuration code on
  Router
• 
  

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CONFIGURATION ON ROUTER

• Press no
• Routergtenable
• Router config terminal
• Router( config) interface fastEthernet 0/0
• Router( config-if) ip address 10.0.0.1
  255.0.0.0
• Router( config-if)no shut
• This will turn the light Green between Router And
  Switch
• Then click PC and provide suitable IP and then
  press tab which will automatically assign a
  suitable subnet mask. And then close this window
• Now click command prompt and write the below
  command
• Pcgt ping_assigned ip of pc..
• Then press enter

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SERIAL PORT CONFIGURATION

• It is used for communication between two or more
  routers
• Two or more routers are attached with each other
  through Serial DTE wire at suitable serial ports.
• CONFIGURATION ON BOTH ROUTERS
• Router gt en
• Router config terminal
• Router (config ) interface serial 0/0/0
• Router (config-if) ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
• Router (config if) no shut

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STATIC ROUTING

• It is used where router uses manual IP
  configuration .
• It is used in small scale networks.
• In it we left all the directly attached network .
• Commands Used
• Router (config ) iproute_neighbor ip_subnet_via
• ADVANTAGES OF STATIC ROUTING
• Fast and Effective
• Moreover control selective path
• Less overload for router
• DISADVANTAGES OF STATIC ROUTING
• More overhead on administrator
• Load balancing is not easily possible

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DEFAULT ROUTING

• It means a route for any network
• This route is specified with following syntax
• Router (config) ip route 0.0.0.0_0.0.0.0_via

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DYNAMIC ROUTING

• It is simple and fast to implement
• In it we have to write only directly attached
  entire network
• Various DYNAMIC ROUTING techniques includes
• ROUTER INFORMATION PROTOCOL(RIP)
• INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL(IGRP)
• ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL(EIGRP)
• OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST(OSPF)
• BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL(BGP)

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ROUTER INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP)

• It is one of the oldest distance-vector routing
  protocols which employ the hop count as a routing
  metric.
• RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a
  limit on the number of hops allowed in a path
  from source to destination.
• The maximum number of hops allowed for RIP is 15,
  which limits the size of networks that RIP can
  support.
• A hop count of 16 is considered an infinite
  distance and the route is considered unreachable.
• In it we have to write only directly attached
  networks.
• Command used
• Router (config) router rip
• Router (config-router) network_required network
  IP

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ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL
(EIGRP)

• EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
  Protocol) is a network protocol that lets routers
  exchange information more efficiently than with
  earlier network protocols
• It has characteristics of both distance vector
  and link state protocols
• EIGRP will route the same protocols that IGRP
  route .
• SYNTAX
• Router (config) router eigrp_PROCESS ID ( )
• Router (config-router) network _ required
  network IP
• NOTE All Routers has same Process ID

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OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)

• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing
  protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
• It uses a link state routing algorithm and falls
  into the group of interior routing protocols,
  operating within a single autonomous system (AS).
• It uses the concept of WILD CARD MASK , which is
  complement of subnet
• It also uses the Process ID and Area
• NOTE All routers have same Area but different
  Process ID
• SYNTAX
• Router (config ) router ospf_ PID(range 1-65535)
• Router (config router) network_requires network
  IP_ wildcard mask_area_any value(range
  0-4294967295)

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BRODER GATEWAY PROTOCOL (BGP)

• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized
  exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange
  routing and reachability information among
  autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.
• The protocol is often classified as a path vector
  protocol but is sometimes also classed as a
  distance-vector routing protocol.
• This protocol use the ip of neighbor point for
  communication
• SYNTAX
• Router (config)router bgp_PID1
• Router (config router) neighbor_ip of end
  point_remote-as_PID2
• NOTE 1 Before applying this command apply
  Dynamic routing on each router
• NOTE 2 Each router has different Process ID
• NOTE 3Do not write directly attached IP of
  network. All except directly attached IP will be
  treated as neighbor
• NOTE 4 PID will be of current router only.

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REDISTRIBUTION B/W RIP,STATIC,EIGRP AND OSPF
ROUTING

• Commands Used
• Router (config)router rip
• Router(config-router)redistr
  ibute ospf 10 metric 10
• Router(config-router)redistribute eigrp
  10 metric 10
• Router(config-router)redistribute
  static metric 10
• Router (config-router) router ospf 10
• Router(config-router)redistr
  ibute rip metric 10 subnets
• Router(config-router)redistribute
  eigrp 10 metric 10 subnets
• Router(config-router)redistribute static
  metric 10 subnets
• Router(config-router)router
  eigrp 10
• Router(config-router)redistribute rip
  metric 100 100 100 100 100
• Router(config-router)redistribute static
  metric 100 100 100 100 100
• Router(config-router)redistr
  ibute ospf 10 metric 100 100 100 100 100
• Router(config-router)do wr
• Router(config-router)exit

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TELECOMMUNICATION(VOIP)
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INTODUCTION TO VOIP

• VOIP is an acronym for Voice Over Internet
  Protocol, or in more common terms phone service
  over the Internet.
• If you have a reasonable quality Internet
  connection you can get phone service delivered
  through your Internet connection instead of from
  your local phone company.
• BASIC IDEA OF VOIP
• Continuously sample audio.
• Convert each sample to digital form.
• Send the resulting digitized stream accross an IP
  network in packets.
• Convert the stream back to analog for playback.
• Before the procedure above, the system must
  handle call setup.
• Phone number to IP.

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ADVANTAGES OF VOIP

• Low call costs. ...
• Low cost of performing moves, ads and changes on
  a business VOIP phone system.
• Increased functionality and integration with
  other IT business systems.
• Ability to have your land-line phone number
  follow you anywhere.
• Low infrastructure costs. ...
• Future proof.
• DISADVANTAGES OF VOIP
• Loss of service during outages.
• Without power VOIP phones are useless, so in case
  of emergencies during power cuts it can be a
  major disadvantage.
• With VOIP emergency calls, it is hard to locate
  you and send help in time.
• Some times during calls, there may be periods of
  silence when data is lost while it is being
  unscrambled.
• Latency and traffic.
• No standard protocol is applicable

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VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL
(VOIP)
(VOIP)
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SWITCHING
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SWITCHING VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN)

• It is a smart device
• It divides switch into multiple parts in order to
  maintain security.
• Basic Configuration
• Switch(config)vlan ID(1-1005)
• vlan 10
• name ABC
• vlan 20
• name XYZ
• do show vlan
• do wr
• exit

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SWITCH TO SWITCH PROGRAMMIG
Switchinterface fa 0/0 switchport access
vlan 10 interface fa 0/3 switchport
access vlan 10 interface fa
0/2 switchport access vlan 20 interface
fa 0/4 switchport access vlan 20 do wr
exit-gt NOW apply the following
commandsSwitch(config) interface fa
0/24 switchport mode trunk do
wr exit
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PER- VLAN SPANNING TREE

• Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) maintains a
  spanning tree instance for each VLAN configured
  in the network.
• It uses ISL Trunking and allows a VLAN trunk to
  be forwarding for some VLANs while blocking for
  other VLANs.
• Since PVST treats each VLAN as a separate
  network, it has the ability to load balance
  traffic (at layer-2) by forwarding some VLANs on
  one trunk and other Vlans on another trunk
  without causing a Spanning Tree loop.
• Commands for PVST on router
• Router(config)interface fa 0/0
• no shut
• Router(config)int fa 0/0.10(10 is Ip of given
  PCs)
• encapsulation_dot1Q_10
• ip_add_pc virtual IP_subnet
• NOTE Add similar above commands of number of
  even PCs attached.

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SECURITY
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SECURITYIt is the network device protection in
order to secure our network with help of CCNA
technology

• TYPES OF SECURITY
• ACCESS CONTROL LIST It is type of security in
  which we filter inbound and
  outbound traffic
• Types of ACL
• STANDARD ACL It is a type of ACL in which we
  block all the protocols in our
  network.
• Commands for STANDARD ACL
• Router(config) ip_access-list
  standard_abc_deny_IP of n/w to be
  blocked_wildcard mask
• permit_any
• do wr
• exit
• Router(config) interface fa 0/0
• ip_access-group_abc

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2. EXTENDED ACL It is a type of ACL in which
we block a particular protocol as
well as particular IP

• Commmands for Extended ACL
• Router(config) ip_access-list_extended_abc
• deny_icmp_destination IP_wildcard mask_source
  IP_wildcard mask
• permit_ip_any_any
• do wr
• exit
• Router(config) interface fa 0/0
• ip_access-group_abc
• do wr
• exit

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VIRTUAL TERMINAL TYPE (VTY)

• It is protocol used for remotely connection with
  other connection.
• REQUIREMENT
• 1. Client Side There are two password used
  that are ON ENABLE and ON LINE CONSOLE
• Commands on CLIENT SIDE
• Routergten
• Routertelnet_10.0.0.1
• do show ip interface brief
• 2. MASTER SIDE
• Commands on MASTER SIDE
• Router(config) enable_password_123
• line_vty_0 15
• password 1234
• do wr
• exit

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VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)

• VPN is a technology that creates an encrypted
  connection over a less secure network
• In this basically TUNNEL is made to keep data
  secure , through which only source and
  destination clients can get the data.
• Commands for VPN
• Router(config) interface_tunnel_number
• ip_address_virtual IP_subnet
• tunnel_source_serial_of router itself
• tunnel_destination_IP of end router
• do wr
• exit
• NOTE Also share the virtual ip on both end
  router with rip command.

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NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATOR

• It is type of security in which we convert our
  private address into public address
• It is a part of ethical hacking in which there is
  use of fake IP
• TYPES Of NAT
• 1. STATIC NAT It is a type of NAT in which the
  client will fetch only single
  fake IP everytime.
• Commands for STATIC NAT
• Router(config) ip_nat_inside_source_static_IP
  of pc of router
• interface fa 0/0
• ip_nat_inside
• interface serial 0/0/0
• ip_nat_outside
• do wr
• exit

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2.DYNAMIC NAT It is a type of security in
which we create a pool of fake IPs
,because of which the user
will receive a different fake IP
everytime within the range of
given IP pool.

• Commands for DYANMIC NAT
• Router(config) access-list_10_permit_actual
  router IP_wildcard mask
• ip_nat_pool_abc_50.0.0.3_50.0.0.10_netmask_s
  ubnet
• ip_nat_inside_source_list_10_pool_abc
• interface_fa_0/0
• ip_nat_inside
• interface_serial_port of router
• ip_nat-outside
• do_wr
• exit
• 3. Overload / NATPAD It means that the single
  public IP assigned to your router can be used by
  multiple internal hosts concurrently. This is
  done by translating source UDP/TCP ports in the
  packets and keeping track of them within the
  translation table kept in the router .