Environmental Regulations and Responses

1
Environmental Regulations and Responses

• Reference Yunho Hwang, Ph.D.

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Humanitys Top Ten Problemsfor next 50 years

• ENERGY
• WATER
• FOOD
• ENVIRONMENT
• POVERTY
• WAR
• DISEASE
• EDUCATION
• DEMOCRACY
• POPULATION

2003 6.5 Billion People 2050 8-10
Billion People
3
What is Global Warming?

• Carbon dioxide and other gases warm the surface
  of the planet naturally by trapping solar heat in
  the atmosphere. This is a good thing because it
  keeps our planet habitable. However, by burning
  fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil and
  clearing forests we have dramatically increased
  the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earths
  atmosphere and temperatures are rising.
• The vast majority of scientists agree that global
  warming is real, its already happening and that
  it is the result of our activities and not a
  natural occurrence. The evidence is overwhelming
  and undeniable.
• Were already seeing changes. Glaciers are
  melting, plants and animals are being forced from
  their habitat, and the number of severe storms
  and droughts is increasing.

Source Climatecrisis.net (2005)
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What is Global Warming?

• The number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has
  almost doubled in the last 30 years.2
• Malaria has spread to higher altitudes in places
  like the Colombian Andes, 7,000 feet above sea
  level.3
• The flow of ice from glaciers in Greenland has
  more than doubled over the past decade.4
• At least 279 species of plants and animals are
  already responding to global warming, moving
  closer to the poles.5

2 Emanuel, K. 2005. Increasing destructiveness of
tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature
436 686-688. 3 WHO. 4 Krabill, W., E. Hanna, P.
Huybrechts, W. Abdalati, J. Cappelen, B. Csatho,
E. Frefick, S. Manizade, C. Martin, J, Sonntag,
R. Swift, R. Thomas and J. Yungel. 2004.
Greenland Ice Sheet Increased coastal thinning.
Geophysical Research Letters 31. 5 Nature.
5
What is Global Warming?

• If the warming continues, we can expect
  catastrophic consequences.
• Deaths from global warming will double in just 25
  years -- to 300,000 people a year.6
• Global sea levels could rise by more than 20 feet
  with the loss of shelf ice in Greenland and
  Antarctica, devastating coastal areas worldwide.7
  
• Heat waves will be more frequent and more
  intense.
• Droughts and wildfires will occur more often.
• The Arctic Ocean could be ice free in summer by
  2050.8
• More than a million species worldwide could be
  driven to extinction by 2050.9

7 Washington Post, "Debate on Climate Shifts to
Issue of Irreparable Change," Juliet Eilperin,
January 29, 2006, Page A1.8 Arctic Climate
Impact Assessment. 2004. Impacts of a Warming
Arctic. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University
Press. Also quoted in Time Magazine, Vicious
Cycles, Missy Adams, March 26, 2006.9 Time
Magazine, Feeling the Heat, David Bjerklie, March
26, 2006.
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Global Warming Temperature Rise

• A global map of surface temperature anomalies in
  2004, in the left-hand panel of figure above,
  shows that the largest warm anomalies compared to
  the 1951-1980 baseline were in Alaska, near the
  Caspian Sea, and over the Antarctic Peninsula.
• But compared to the previous five years, the
  United States was quite cool, as shown in the
  right-hand figure.

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Sea Ice Minimum
At the end of each summer, the sea ice cover
reaches its minimum extent and the ice that
remains is called the perennial ice cover, which
consists mainly of thick multi-year ice floes.
The area of the perennial ice has been steadily
decreasing since the satellite record began in
1979, at a rate of about 10 per decade. But the
2007 minimum, reached around Sept. 14, is far
below the previous record made in 2005 and is
about 38 lower than the climatological average.

• US NASA

8
Melting Glacier Muir Glacier
August 1941
August 2004

• US Geological Survey (USGS)

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North Canada
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Thermohaline Circulation
The thermohaline circulation (THC) is the global
density-driven circulation of the oceans.
Derivation is from thermo- for heat and -haline
for salt, which together determine the density of
sea water. Wind-driven surface currents (such as
the Gulf Stream) head polewards from the
equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling all the while
and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming
North Atlantic Deep Water). This dense water then
flows into the ocean basins.
CFCs
www.arcticcentre.org/images/20051021100937.pdf
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What if THC Collapse
www.arcticcentre.org/images/20051021100937.pdf
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Global Carbon Cycle
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CO2 Measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii
UNFCCC
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Compiled CO2 Emission Measured
UNFCCC
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CO2 Concentration and Global Mean Temperature
UNFCCC
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CO2 Emissions

• Average earth surface temperature 0.6C increased
  over past 140 yrs.
• PgC Peta (1015) grams of C

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CO2 Emissions Contribution
UNFCCC
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US CO2 Emission
CO2 emissions from energy use an average annual
increase of 1.5 (from 1,559 to 2,237 M metric
tons CO2 equivalent between 2001 and 2025)
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GHG Emissions
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Global Regulations

• Two major geophysical phenomena driving forces
  for reconsideration of refrigerants
• Ozone Depletion Montreal Protocol
• CFCs
• Phased Out In Developed Countries in 1996
• Phasing Out In Developing Countries by 2010
• Mandatory Leakage Repair (systems leak 35 of
  total charge/year)
• HCFCs
• Not in New Equipment from 2010
• Production Phase-out by 2020
• Achieve 5 reduction from 1990 levels by
  2008-2012.

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Kyoto Protocol

• Global Warming Kyoto Protocol (1997)
• Effective from Feb 16, 2005, 141 countries
  ratified
• 39 developed countries should reduce GHG
  emissions between 2008 and 2012 to the 5.2 lower
  level in 1990 .
• Other countries should reduce between 2013 and
  2017.
• Japan has increased its GHG emissions by 8 since
  1990 that means it needs to cut down 14 against
  1990 levels.
• Germany, whose target set by Kyoto is an 8
  emissions cut, has set itself a national target
  of reducing GHG emissions by 21 by 2012, the
  highest reduction target of all industrialized
  nations. It has already cut emissions by 18
  from 1990 levels.

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Additional Thoughts to the Kyoto Protocol

• No matter how dedicated the Kyoto supporters are,
  there is no quick-fix solution to climate change.
  Carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere will be
  there for several generations.
• It will take a long-term, global effort and
  massive changes in energy usage to undo the
  damage.
• The Kyoto Protocol is not the ultimate solution.
  It is a necessary first step in that process.
• There is no doubt we can solve this problem. In
  fact, we have a moral obligation to do so. Small
  changes to your daily routine can add up to big
  differences in helping to stop global warming.
  The time to come together to solve this problem
  is now TAKE ACTION
• Reduce your impact AT HOME
• Reduce your impact WHILE ON THE MOVE
• Help bring about change LOCALLY, NATIONALLY AND
  INTERNATIONALLY

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US Energy Policy

• New National Energy Plan
• Utility Restructuring
• Generation Capacity Additions
• Distributed Energy Systems
• T/D Infrastructure Improvements
• Renewable Energy
• Reauthorization of Hydrogen Energy Act

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CHP Roadmap

• National CHP Roadmap doubling CHP use from 46 GW
  in 1998 to 92 GW by 2010.
• CHP Installations 53 GW in 1999.
• CHP Potential Industrial 88 GW, Commercial 75 GW

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Regional CHP Initiatives

• To accelerate the development of CHP in the
  regions.
• CHP application centers are formed and grow.
• CHP Application Centers
• Midwest CHP Initiative
• Northeast CHP Initiative
• Southeast CHP Initiative
• Pacific CHP Initiative
• Intermountain CHP Initiative
• Mid-Atlantic CHP Initiative (at CEEE)
• Central CHP Initiative
• Major activity
• Educate market players on the benefits of CHP
• Identify and support specialized projects
• Provide feed back to DOE for future RD needs

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Building America

• Ultimate Target is on-site MicroCHP supplying
  100 demands (Zero Energy).

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13 SEER Standard

• Unitary A/C is required to raise the SEER rating
  to 13 by 2006.
• Can save 4.2 quads(1015 btu) of energy by 2030.
• Carrier released R410A UAC with a SEER rating up
  to 21.
• Trane released R410A UAC with a SEER rating up to
  19.5.
• Lennox developed R410A UAC with a SEER rating up
  to 20.5
• York developed R410A UAC with a SEER rating up to
  18.

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Highest SEER Competition

• Lennox Industries Inc. introduced the world's
  first residential air conditioner rated at up to
  20.5 SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating)
  (XC21, July 2005).
• The XC21 also features
• A two-stage scroll compressor with two levels of
  operation
• High-efficiency outdoor coil
• Use R410A refrigerant
• A patent-pending fan design
• Carrier will invest 250 M to develop high
  efficient HXs (20 small, 30 light)

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US Federal Tax Credit for Consumer Incentives

• Home Shell
• Insulation, Windows, Sealing Homeowners for
  energy improvements to their homes, such as
  windows, insulation, and envelope and duct
  sealing.
• Home Heating Cooling Equipment
• Homeowners for installing efficient air
  conditioners and heat pumps gas or oil furnaces
  and furnace fans and gas, oil, or electric water
  heaters in new or existing homes.
• Passenger Vehicles
• Buyers of hybrid gasoline-electric, diesel,
  battery-electric, alternative fuel, and fuel cell
  vehicles.
• Solar Energy Systems
• Homeowners and businesses who install qualifying
  solar equipment including photovoltaic cells and
  solar water heating systems.
• Fuel Cells
• Homeowners and businesses who install qualifying
  systems.

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US Federal Tax Credit (2006-2007)

• Purchasers of highly efficient heating, cooling,
  and water heating equipment can take tax credits
  of up to 300 for purchasing qualifying
  equipment.
• These credits are available for systems placed in
  service from January 1, 2006, through December
  31, 2007. There is a 500 cap on the credit per
  home, including the amount received for
  insulation, windows, air and duct sealing.
• What types of equipment qualify and for how much?
• High-efficiency gas, oil, and propane furnaces
  and boilers 150
• High-efficiency central air conditioning units,
  including air-source and ground-source heat
  pumps 300
• High-efficiency fans for heating and cooling
  systems 50
• High-efficiency water heaters, including heat
  pump water heaters 300

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US Federal Tax Credit for High Efficient Light
Duty Vehicles

• Tax credits are available for a variety of
  vehicles, primarily those using hybrid-electric
  drives or diesel engines. Credits are based on a
  complex formula determined by vehicle weight,
  technology, and fuel economy compared to base
  year models. Qualifying vehicles must also meet
  tailpipe emission criteria.
• These credits are available for vehicles placed
  in service starting January 1, 2006. For hybrid
  and diesel vehicles made by each manufacturer,
  the credit will be phased out over more than a
  year after that manufacturer has sold 60,000
  eligible vehicles. For vehicles made by
  manufacturers that have not reached the end of
  the phase-out, the credits will end for vehicles
  placed in service after December 31, 2010.
• For example, Toyota is likely to sell 60,000
  qualifying vehicles in the first several months
  of 2006. The full credits will remain available
  for the next calendar quarter following the
  quarter in which the 60,000th vehicle is sold.
  For the subsequent two quarters, the incentive
  will be 50 of the full amount. For the two
  quarters after that, the incentive will be 25 of
  the full amount. After four quarters (one year)
  of reduced credits, the incentives will no longer
  be available for vehicles sold by that
  manufacturer.

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US Federal Tax Credit for Fuel Cells and
Microturbines

• These incentives are tax credits for two advanced
  distributed generation technologies qualifying
  fuel cell and microturbine systems. The credits
  are available for systems placed in service in
  2006 and 2007.
• For fuel cells
• Credits are for 30 of the cost, up to 1000 per
  kW of power that can be produced.
• To qualify systems must have an efficiency of at
  least 30 and must have a capacity of at least
  0.5 kW.
• For microturbines
• Credits are for 10 of the cost, up to 200 per
  kW of power that can be produced.
• To qualify, systems must have an efficiency of at
  least 26 and must have a capacity of less than
  2,000 kW.

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US States React to GHG Emissions

• 22 states and the DC have set standards demanding
  that utilities generate a specific amount of
  energy - in some cases, as high as 33 - from
  renewable sources by 2020.
• 11 states have set goals to reduce greenhouse gas
  emissions by as much as 80 percent below 1990
  levels by 2050.
• 10 states in the Northeast are working to
  establish state-by-state ceilings for carbon
  dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and allow
  industries such as power plants to trade
  pollution credits for carbon emissions while
  cutting greenhouse gas emissions 10 by 2019.
  California, Oregon and Washington are negotiating
  a similar pact.

Washingtonpost, 08/11/2006
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US States for More Efficient Appliances

• The Energy Department has agreed to boost energy
  efficiency requirements for nearly two dozen
  household appliances and equipment as part of a
  court settlement after years of inaction. The new
  standards will be phased in over the next five
  years.
• The agreement, filed in the U.S. District Court
  in New York and announced Nov. 13, settles a
  lawsuit filed last year by environmental groups,
  15 states and the city of New York because of
  delays in improving federal appliance efficiency
  requirements.
• Critics of the Bush administrations energy
  efficiency efforts said some of the standards
  have been long overdue. The lawsuit charged that
  the Energy Department was 13 years late in
  meeting a number of the requirements, although
  Congress required that appliance standards be
  updated.
• The court agreement calls for the new standards
  to go into effect at varying times, the earliest
  in early 2007 and the latest by June 2011.

AP, 11/17/2006
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US States for More Efficient Appliances

• The standards will cover 22 appliances and
  household equipment, including heating and air
  conditioning systems, water heaters, boilers and
  motors, dishwashers, clothes dryers and
  fluorescent lighting.
• Under the agreement the department must set
  standards at the maximum technologically feasible
  and cost-effective level possible and cannot
  weaken established standards.
• The department was criticized last month when it
  proposed new efficiency requirements for furnaces
  that efficiency advocates said were insufficient.
  Those standards, which would go into effect in
  2015, establish a standard for widely used
  natural gas furnaces only slightly greater than
  what was required 20 years ago and at a level
  that virtually all of the furnaces now on the
  market already meet.
• It was not immediately clear how the furnace
  proposal would be affected by the court
  agreement.
• Pennsylvania was one of the states involved in
  the lawsuit.

AP, 11/17/2006
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US States Vehicle Regulation

• California also has passed legislation mandating
  that automakers reduce their vehicles' carbon
  dioxide emissions 30 percent by 2016
• 10 other states have committed to adopt the same
  standards if the law survives a court challenge.

Washingtonpost, 08/11/2006
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US Green Building Council

• LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental
  Design
• Reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50 on all
  LEED projects starting 2007.
• Increase LEED energy reduction prerequisites.
• Implement a carbon dioxide offset program.
• Create incentives for continuous improvement of
  existing LEED buildings.
• Rebate certification fees for LEED
  Platinum-certified buildings.
• Make U.S. Green Building Council carbon neutral
  by end of 2007.
• Create a Portfolio Performance Program to
  recognize multiple-building portfolios.
• Start a carbon reduction education program aimed
  at industry professionals.

Source U.S. Green Building Council , 11/2006
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Energy Efficiency Ranks 1 in Consumer Green
Building Priorities

• A new survey conducted for the National
  Association of Home Builders (NAHB) confirms that
  a desire for greater energy efficiency drives
  consumers to choose a green-built home.
• When 800 registered voters were asked how
  important certain items would be in their
  decision to either purchase a new green home or
  remodel their current home to be more green,
  nearly two-thirds (64) of consumers polled said
  that reduced energy costs would be the most
  important. The second-highest scoring reason, at
  55 was because it would be healthier. And 49
  of those surveyed say its the right thing to do
  for the environment.
• To be certified under the NAHB program, homes
  must meet energy-efficiency levels that are at
  least equivalent to Energy Star, the federal EPA
  program that has enjoyed great success in the
  marketplace. Since 2000, 750,000 homes have
  earned the Energy Star label, indicating that
  they are at least 15 more efficient than
  required by current energy codes.

Source Business Week, 01/2007
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Wal-Mart's 1 Billion Problem

• Wal-Mart, the nations largest retailer, is also
  the nations largest private energy user. Each of
  the Bentonville, Arkansasbased discount giants
  2,074 supercenters uses an average of 1.5 M
  kWh/year. The 3,800-store chains annual power
  bill tops out at about 1 billion.
• Wal-Mart aims to change that with an aggressive
  green building campaign. In 2005 it set plan to
  cut store energy use by 30 and reduce waste by
  25 over the next 3 years, investing 500 million
  a year in sustainable innovations in new
  construction.
• LED lighting is one technology the company will
  be deploying more widely. Those lights will
  replace fluorescent tubes in freezer and display
  cases, resulting in 50 energy savings and longer
  life expectancy. Roof-mounted solar panels and
  wind turbines yielded less successful results,
  however.
• Regarding other potential applications,
  evaporative cooling, waterless urinals,
  composting of organic materials, and many other
  concepts, and each are being carefully studied,
  evaluated. Native landscaping, waterless urinals,
  and electronic sensor sinks decreased water use
  by 85 at the McKinney facility, for example,
  although installation at standard-issue stores
  will likely differ.

Source Business Week, 01/2007
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Vehicle Refrigerant Emission
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Europe F-Gas Regulation

• Regulate the use of F-gases in vehicle A/C
• Ban on F-gases with a GWP of more than 150 in new
  cars from 2017.
• It will enter into force in 2007.

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New Refrigerants

• Honeywell and DuPont developed new refrigerants
  corresponding to EU regulations
• Honeywell Fluid H
• Azeotrope of CF3CFCH2 (1234yf) CF3I
  (Trifluoromethyl iodide)
• GWP lt 10
• Properties similar to R134a
• DuPont DP-1
• Fluorine based new compound, non-flammable.
• Minor component commercially available
  refrigerant
• Similar properties and performance with R134a
• Zero-ODP
• GWP estimated at 40

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Whats most important topics for next five years?

• Energy Efficiency
• Sustainability
• Indoor Air Quality
• Maintenance
• First Costs
• Life-Cycle Costs
• Reliability
• Long-Term Energy Costs
• Liability Issues

Source ASHRAE Journal Show Daily (02/2005)
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What Should We Do?
45
Cloud Ships
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Conclusions

• Climate changes are real and faster than thought
  to be.
• CO2 emission reduction needs an immediate action
  much stronger than Kyoto Protocol.
• Environmental regulations will have a big impact
  to industry.
• Energy saving technology and environmentally
  friendly technology will lead an international
  market.
• Immediate action is recommended.