(Corporate) Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

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(Corporate) Environmental Management
Systems(EMS)
Business of tomorrow is not only about products
or productivity it is more about the way how
business is done  
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Agenda

• Method Life Cycle Assessment
• Example Coffee Maker (four steps)
• Environmental Management systems (EMS)
• ISO 14001
• Assignment week 10 Ecological Footprint

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1. Life Cycle Assessment
A simple overview of a complex process
everything is connected
Source R. E. Ricklefs Economy of Nature
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1. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
LCA is a method that considers energy and raw
material consumption, different types of
emissions and other important factors related to
a specific products entire life cycle from an
environmental point of view.
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1. Life Cycle Assessment
Introduction LCA
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1. Life Cycle Assessment Framework ISO 1404x
Improvement Assessment /
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2. Example Coffee Maker
Source http//home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker
.htm
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Step 1 Coffee Maker

• Purpose of a LCA?
• Determine how to improve the environmental
  performance of a coffee maker
• Possible Decision criteria?
• total energy consumed (cp. slide 5)
• eco-indicator 99 score (EI99)
• equivalent CO2 produced (carbon footprint)
• Function of a coffee maker?
• Functional units?
• Cups of coffee poured, Time coffee is warmed
  etc.
• System boundaries?
• Five years of use, Europe, only production,
  usage end-of-life stages

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Step 1 Goal Definition Scope

• Establish purpose goal
• Define decision criteria, function and
  functional unit
• Define system boundaries
• Place (world/continent/country cp. down
  right)
• Life cycle stages (cp. top right)
• Time (to be defined individually)
• Determine required data quality / sources
  (most complicated issue in practise)

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The more processes, the more complex
Step 1 e.g. Life cycle stages
Energy
Water
Water
Energy
Manufacturing Process
Energy
Water
Manufacturing Process
Raw Materials
Manufacturing Process
Gas Waste
Raw Materials
Gas Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Gas Waste
Water
Raw Materials
Energy
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Manufacturing Process
End Product
Gas Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
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Difficulties Limitations of Step 1

• How do you compare different products that
  provide similar functions or services?
• How do you compare similar products that provide
  multiple functions or services?
• How do you define more abstract functional units
  such as entertainment from toys or higher
  self-respect?
• Where do you stop drawing the bounds to your
  system?

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Step 2 Inventory Analysis

1. Make a process tree or flow chart classifying
   events in a products life cycle
2. Determine all mass and energy inputs and outputs
3. Collect relevant data!
4. Make assumptions for missing data
5. Establish (correct) material and energy
   balance(s) for each stage and event

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Step 2 Coffee Maker
Understand the product components materials
first
Rested (bottom) View
Top (internal) View
Bottom (internal) View
Heater View
Total View
Source http//home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker
.htm
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Step 2 Coffee Maker (cont.)
Simplified process tree for coffee maker
Source http//www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf
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Step 2 Coffee Maker (cont.)
Lifecycle inventory for coffee maker
Boxes for packagingare not included in
assessment/inventory
Source http//www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf
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Difficulties Limitations of Step 2

• Finding data is hard and usually very time-
  consuming
• Published data on material loads exist, but is
  often inconsistent and/or not directly applicable
• Obtained data are usually discrete, static and
  linear (makes many simplifying assumptions)
• Mistakes are easily made in quantification
• Mass and energy balances may not be correct
• Results can be generalized improperly

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Step 3 Impact Analysis

1. Define impact categories
2. Determine which loads affect different impact
   categories
3. Assign indicators to impact categories
4. Weigh importance of each category

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Step 3 e.g. Paper or Plastic?
the output, but what is better?...
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Step 3 Coffee Maker
Source http//www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf
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Difficulties Limitations of Step 3

• Subjective, subjective, subjective!
• Impact categories chosen
• Indicators chosen for impact categories
• How metrics / load affect impact indicators
• Weightings used for impact categories
• Where are the impacts occurring?
• U.S., Europe, Brazil?
• How much can that area take before it breaks
  down? Or can it handle it without any problems?
• How are managers and engineers supposed to
  know the effects of every load on the different
  impacts?

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Step 4 Improvement Analysis

• Identify areas opportunities for improvement
• Evaluate with respect to the original goal
  definition
• Target lifecycle areas/processes/events with
  large impacts
• Large amounts with low hazard
• Small amounts with high hazard
• Ask yourselfWhat are the resources required and
  risks involved?

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Step 4 Coffee Maker
How to improve our coffee maker? Where should we
focus?
Source http//www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf
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General Comments / Discussion

• A domestic coffee maker is a simple product
• How would it be different from a commercial
  coffee maker (e.g. Starbucks)?
• It is fairly representative of appliances - main
  impact is use phase
• What other products have their main impact in the
  use phase?
• Which products have their main impact in the
  production or disposal phase?

Table Source Figures from 1st Slide Ashby and
coauthors, 2004, The CES Eco-Selector
background reading, 2nd edition, University of
Cambridge and Granta Design, pp. 1-32.
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2. LCA - Summary

• Focus should be on the products entire
  lifecycle, not the product itself
• We saw the main steps of LCA (ISO 14040-14043)
• We saw the limitations difficulties within each
  step of LCA
• Although LCA has various limitations, its
  underlying philosophy is the right direction

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3. Environmental Management Systems
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3. Environmental Management Systems
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3. Environmental Management Systems

• A management system means what the organisation
  has to manage concerning its processes or
  activities in order that
• its products or services meet the organisations
  objectives, such as
• satisfying the customer's requirements,
• complying to regulations or
• meeting environmental objectives

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3. Environmental Management Systems
Surrounding/some connections

• ISO 9000ff. and ISO 14000ff. are among ISO's most
  well known standards ever.
• They are implemented by more than a million
  organisations in 175 countries.
• ISO 9001 helps organisations to implement quality
  management.
• ISO 14001 helps organisations to implement
  environmental management.
• New 2010 ISO 26000 helps organisations to
  implement social responsibility.

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3. Environmental Management Systems

• ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This
  means what the organisation does, in order to
• minimize harmful effects on the environment
  caused by its activities,
• to conform to applicable regulatory requirements,
  and to
• achieve continual improvement of its
  environmental performance.

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3. Environmental Management Systems
ISO 14001

• Most widely recognised and adopted standard
• gt 130,000 organisations certified worldwide
• Well established, good reputation
• Internationally recognised
• Can take a long time to implement especially
  within large complex organisations
• Can be costly to implement tools and
  consultancy
• (in Europe also the EMAS system, not considered
  here)
• See additionally http//www.praxiom.com/iso-14001
  .htm

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3. Environmental Management Systems
ISO 14001SYSTEMIC REQUIREMENTS4.1
CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
MANAGEMENT REVIEW 4.6
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 4.2
VERIFICATION CORRECTIVE ACTION 4.5
PLANNING 4.3
IMPLEMENTATION OPERATION 4.4
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The overview of a complex process everything
is connected a huge amount of challenges to
solve!
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4. Assignment Ecological Footprint

• You now have seen the general impact of
• companies, see in addition your personal impact!
• Assignment for week 10
• (Introduction ecological footprint)
• please read the document on PB Works
• and make the 2 assignments
• fill in your own ecological footprint
• answer a few questions relating to this method.
• ? bring the results in class (week 10)