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LectureSeminar
Migration, Integration, and Ethnic Conflicts
Hartmut Esser University of Mannheim Fakulty of
Social Sciences Mannheim Centre for European
Social Research April/May 2006
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Program
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1. Migration
2. Integration Basic Concepts and Debates
3. Acculturation The Case of Language
4. Education and Labor Market
5. A General Model of (Intergenerational)
Integration
6. Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts
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Lection 2 Integration Basic Concepts and Debates
1. What is Integration?
2. Models of (Intergenerational) Integration
3. New Concepts and Debates
4. What has to be Done?
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Lection 2 Integration Basic Concepts and Debates
1. What is Integration?
2. Models of (Intergenerational) Integration
3. New Concepts and Debates
4. What has to be Done?
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What is Integration?
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The central question (intergenerational)
integration of migrants
cultural diversity without ethnic stratification
and/or segmentation
complicated interaction of cultural, social and
structural factors
sometimes with unintended effects, traps and
path-dependencies
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Integration
two different meanings (cf. David Lockwood)

• Social Integration inclusion/exclusion of
  actors/categories

Social Inequality

• Systems Integration cohesion/fragmentation of
  social systems

Social Differentiation
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Social Integration and Ethnic Inequality
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Social Integration 1 Inclusion/Exclusion
(individuals)
four dimensions four types
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four dimensions of social integration
cultural habits, knowledge, language
structural rights, education, labor market,
institutional access social housing,
networks, friends, marriage emotional
identity, identification, convictions, values
somehow interrelated
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four types of social integration (Berry 1990,
1991, modified)
Multiple Inclusion
Segmentation
Assimilation
Marginality
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four types of social integration (Berry 1990,
1991, modified)
Receiving Context
Multiple Inclusion
Segmentation
Assimilation
Marginality
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for example language (cultural)
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for example citizenship (structural)
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or networks (social)
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or identity (emotional)
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Social Integration 2 (In-)Equality (by
categories/aggregates)
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Social (in)equality
distribution of individual characteristics by
social categories (eg. rights, education, income
by gender or ethnicity)
there is inequality, but within-group only
an illustration ...
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frequency
income
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frequency
income
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frequency
income
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frequency
and the other way(s) around!
income
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frequency
income
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frequency
income
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frequency
and interactive
income
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frequency
income
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frequency
income
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If not assimilation, we have Social Inequality
two cases without/with evaluation of individual
characteristics
horizontal culture, habits, language (?),
networks (?)
vertical rights, education, income,
institutional access
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Summary Ethnic (In-)Equality
social (in)equality
ethnic (in)equality
equality
ethnic assimilation
inequality
ethnic diversity
horizontal
vertical
ethnic stratification
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Summary Ethnic (In-)Equality
social (in)equality
ethnic (in)equality
equality
ethnic assimilation
inequality
ethnic diversity
horizontal
vertical
ethnic stratification
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Systems Integration and Ethnic Differentiation
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general meaning social cohesion of a
differentated society
three forms of social differentiation

• segmentary
• plural
• functional

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segementary differentiation
self-sufficient and independent tribes as parts
of a loose societal bond (eg as peripheral parts
of an Empire)
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plural differentiation
self-sufficient and organized sub-groups/-nations
as organized parts of a State
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horizontal Fragmentation
multi-national societies verzuiling parallel
societies
two variants
vertical Feudalism
estates castes
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funcional differentiation
dissolution of functions from individuals and
groups
modern society
inequality, mobility, individualization cultural
diversity
dissolution of plural differentiation
and feudalism
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Mechanisms of societal integration
shared values value integration organization v
ertical integration inderdependencies functional
integration
and
modern societies are essentially integrated by
interdependencies and functional integration
(market exchange)
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Summary Ethnic differentiation
social differentiation
ethnic differention
functional differentiation
functional integration
plural differentiation
horizontal
ethnic fragmentation
vertical
ethnic Neo-Feudalism
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Summary Ethnic differentiation
social differentiation
ethnic differention
functional differentiation
functional integration
plural differentiation
horizontal
ethnic fragmentation
vertical
ethnic Neo-Feudalism
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Summary Integration
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Summary Integration
Systems Integration
Social Integration
Actors
Categories Social
Systems
Social Inequality
Social Differentiation
Inclusion/Exclusion
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Options for modern societies
Systems Integration
Social Integration
Actors
Categories Social
Systems
Social Inequality
Social Differentiation
Inclusion/Exclusion
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Lection 2 Integration Basic Concepts and Debates
1. What is Integration?
2. Models of (Intergenerational) Integration
3. New Concepts and Debates
4. What has to be Done?
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Explanandum empirical patterns of societal
consequences of migration
Outcomes (societal) assimilation ethnic
inequality (horizontal, vertical) ethnic
differentiation (horizontal, vertical) ethnic
conflicts/movements
Typical trajectories (eg for sequences of
generations)
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two types of models
1. Models of individual adaptation a.
psychological adaptation b. individual
assimilation
2. Models of structural changes a.
ecological-economic sequences b. Race Relation
Cycle(s) c. intergenerational assimilation
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1. Individual Adaptation
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a. Psychological adaptation (Taft, Richardson)
Problem (complete) loss of relevance
structure of the system of frames
dissolution of identity
Acculturation (after enculturation and
imprinting
before)

• Typical sequence
• euphoria, optimism and curiosity
• (deep) depression (shortly after arrival)
• strong variations of high and low mood
• after ca. 18 months recovery
• recovery of satisfaction, but never as high as
  in the
• beginning

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b. Individual assimilation (Gordon, Eisenstadt)
dimensions cultural, structural, social,
emotional
cold adaptations and absolute dimensions
first language, knowledge
hot and relational dimensions later (if at
all!) friends, identity
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Cultural, social and emotional integration of 1st
and 2nd generation Turks and Yugoslaws in Germany
(source Esser 1990, 2001)
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Cultural, social and emotional integration of 1st
and 2nd generation Turks and Yugoslaws in Germany
(source Esser 1990, 2001)
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Cultural, social and emotional integration of 1st
and 2nd generation Turks and Yugoslaws in Germany
(source Esser 1990, 2001)
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Cultural, social and emotional integration of 1st
and 2nd generation Turks and Yugoslaws in Germany
(source Esser 1990, 2001)
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Cultural, social and emotional integration of 1st
and 2nd generation Turks and Yugoslaws in Germany
(source Esser 1990, 2001)
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b. Individual assimilation (Gordon, Eisenstadt)
dimensions cultural, structural, social,
emotional
cold adaptations and absolute dimensions
first language, knowledge
hot and relational dimensions later (if at
all!) friends, identity
structural assimilation as precondition for
anything else (?)
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2. Structural Changes
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a. Ecological-economic sequences (Rex and Moore,
Gordon)
typical stages of the inclusion of ethnic
groups in institutions, labor markets and housing
areas
one typical sequence 1. Anomie and
estrangement 2. living in the colony 3. formal
(social) integration rights 4. structural
(social) integration (occupation, housing,
memberships) 5. abandonment of the colony (exept
for reasons of retrospective sentiment)
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b. Race Relation Cycle (Bogardus, Park)
basic idea  there is a general law of the
development of ethnic relations
the RRC by Robert S. Park (four stages) 1.
Contact 2. Conflict 3. Accommodation 4.
Assimilation
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The impression that emerges from this review of
international and race relations is that the
forces which have brought about the existing
interpenetration of peoples are so vast and
irresistible that the resulting changes assume
the character of a cosmic process ... . In the
relations of races there is a cycle of events,
which tends everywhere to repeat itself ... . The
race relations cycle ... is apparently
progressive and irreversible. Customs
regulations, immigration restrictions and racial
barriers may slacken the tempo of the movement
may perhaps halt it altogether for a time but
cannot change its direction cannot at any rate,
reverse it. (Park 1950, S. 149f. Hervorhebungen
nicht im Original)
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c. Intergenerational Integration
two (very) different models Intergenerational
assimilation Re-Segmentation
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Intergenerational assimilation (Price Park) 1.
Generation partial adaptation 2. Generation
dual culture, (Mertons) anomie bridge
generation 3. Generation
assimilation (only a question of time)
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Re-Segmentation (Hansen, Herberg) 1. Generation
as before 2. Generation as before 3. Generation
reactive ethnicity what the son wishes to
forget, the grandson wishes to remember ethnic
voice as political strategy
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Questions
Which model is/was valid?
How to explain the various outcomes?
Background also new immigration
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Lection 2 Integration Basic Concepts and Debates
1. What is Integration?
2. Models of (Intergenerational) Integration
3. New Concepts and Debates
4. What has to be Done?
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Two points
New immigration, discontents of assimilation
and segmented assimilation The defense of the
classical concept(s)
Background (old) controversy about
assimilation vs. multiculturalism normativ
e what should happen? descriptive what
happens? theoretical how to explain?
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Old and New Immigration
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old immigration before 1965 (USA other
classical immigration countries
like Canada, Australia, Israel) European
anchestry small groups, single
families economic growth assimilative
orientations friendly acceptance
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new immigration after 1965 (USA)
western-Europe (after WWII) third world,
Asians large groups, complete networks hourglas
s economy ethnic orientations cultural and
social distances
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Main conclusion the old models (melting pot,
RRC, Gordon) are no longer valid in times of
new immigration
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Assimilation Discontents (Rubén Rumbaut)
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old criticisms of assimilation one-sidedness
vs. interactive linear and teleological valu
e-laden, ethnocentristic and arrogant
new empirical insights assimilation means
not
improvement (mental) health deviant
behavior education problems (despite
language) language problems for subsequent
generations ongoing discriminations identity
and self-confidence
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Segmented Assimilation (Min Zhou, Alejandro
Portes)
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What means Segmented Assimilation?
Three typical outcomes (instead of only one) 1.
Time-honored upward mobility (the classical
case) 2. Downward mobility (integration in
underclass eg coloured
immigrants/blacks in urban areas) 3.
Structural integration with preservation of
ethnic orientations (eg Asians)
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Social background(s) Increasing concentration
of poverty in inner urban areas color line
for new immigrants advantages of ethnic
orientations social embeddedness, solidarities
and ethnic social capital family values and
social control advantages of ethnic communities
and resources
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The Defense of Assimilation (Richard Alba
Victor Nee)
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1. New immigration is not really new
triple melting pot race, ethnicity, religion
(Kennedy) anglo-conformity, minority
ethnicity, ethnogenesis as observed outcomes
before (Abramson) the special case of Blacks
(Massey and Denton) even Park caste system,
permanent racial minorities besides
assimilation
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2. The Return of Assimilation
Richard Alba Victor Nee (1999) despite some
changing conditions the long term perspective of
the empirical developments remains
(intergenerational) assimilation See also the
debates in Europe
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The arguments Differentiation between
normative and descriptive usage assimilation
never was a unilateral and/or linear
concept old immigration was new in several
respects (eg. color line, ethnic communities,
lower class assimilation was typical also for
southern and eastern immigrants) ethnic
stratification as temporary stadium in a long
ternm process re-plenishment and assimilation
can coexist
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The arguments (cont.) new pathways for
immigrants (ethnic business, transnationalism as
investment) it is too early for the conclusion
of segmented assimilation remaining importance
of a national institutional core
Main conclusion (AlbaNee) There are no reasons
for an end of the classical model
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Lection 2 Integration Basic Concepts and Debates
1. What is Integration?
2. Models of (Intergenerational) Integration
3. New Concepts and Debates
4. What has to be Done?
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The theoretical problem How to explain
processes of (social and systems)
integration? How to explain the various outcomes
(by a general model)?
Important Interplay of individual behavior and
collective processes Long term developments and
path dependencies (individual,
collective) Structural changes and equilibria
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The example of replenishment ethnic groups
(segregations, communities, networks ) as net
result of new immigration/segmentation and
absorption
explains the coexistence of ethnic inequality,
ethnic differentiations and assimilation
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see the next lectures!