Thirst

1
Thirst

• Baroreceptors Heart and Kidneys
• Hypothalamus Conscious awareness
• low blood H2Ocellular dehydration
• most animals will drink in anticipation
• Pranadial Drinking
• salt/water balance
• Heat Stroke

2
Hunger

• A driving force behind human social cohesion
• Agricultural revolution
• has partially decreased competition for resources
• increased maximum sustainable population
• Engineering
• Control of Resources warfare
• Festivals
• Finickiness
• occurs in critters with high degree of food
  availability

3
Obesity

• Pathological obesity uncommon in most species
• Hypothyroid conditions
• 20 over maximum desired weight
• Associated with a number of medical problems
• diabetes (Exacerbate type 1, may be causal for
  type 2)
• heart disease/stroke
• kidney/gallbladder problems
• arthritis and other bone structure problems
• sleep apnea
• Causes
• Excessive calorie intake (eating when not hungry)
• EtOH intake
• genetic factors (can overemphasize)
• sedentary lifestyle

4
Obesity Part 2

• Diagnosis
• caliper skin fold measurements
• BMI weight in kilos (pounds/2.2) divided by
  height in meters squared (inches x.0254).
  Roughly want less than 25
• female prefer 20-22
• male prefer 23-24
• http//www.halls.md/body-mass-index/bmi.htm
• Treatment
• Medication usually do more harm than good
• Gastric stapling usually only for extreme cases
• Reduce calorie intake/calorie burn ratio

5
Behavior and Obesity

• External eating cues
• Ex. The TV
• Food as a reinforcer
• Returning to normal diet only maintains weight
• Some foods may release endorphins or stimulate
  limbic system
• Some people overeat in response to anxiety,
  depressed mood

6
Surgical Stapling/Gastric Bypass

• Both restricts stomach contents and reduces
  caloric absorption
• Can treat/cure diabetes, high bp, cholesterol
• May increase some heart problems, vitamin
  deficiencies, gallstones, gastritis
• Decreased fat/sugar tolerance
• Typically used for severe obesity or uncontrolled
  diabetes
• Cosmetic usage increasing?

7
Anorexia Nervosa

• less than 85 of minimal body weight
• fear of gaining weight
• body dysmorphia
• amenorrhea
• growth of fine hair
• risk to neurons (due to electrolyte imbalance)
  and heart
• 10 mortality rate
• most prevalent in females (mean onset17)
• Theories of causality
• Family Dynamics
• reaction to stress/trauma
• OCD (SSRIs)
• Found mostly in Western cultures (disorder may
  take on cultural manifestationsmay be
  personality disorder)
• No standardized treatment (prevalence lt1)

8
Bulimia Nervosa

• Binge eating 2 hour period, excessive calorie
  intake
• feeling of loss of control
• Purging vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas,
  excessive exercise
• focus on weight in self-evaluation
• most common in college-age females
• are usually of average weight
• risk to UGI, teeth, gums and tongue
• Therapy cognitive restructuring (behavior
  therapy apparently doesnt work)
• Prevalence 1-3

9
Perceptions of body image

• Media presentations of unrealistically thin women
  genetic predisposition to depressive/somatic
  disorders
• Perceived vs. actual attractive body style
• Those with careers focused on physical appearance
  (models, dancers, etc.) at higher risk for eating
  disorders