Skeletal System Gross Anatomy

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Skeletal SystemGross Anatomy

• Chapter 7

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Skeletal System

• Provides framework
• Without skeleton, muscles couldnt move body
• Components
• Bones
• Cartilage
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Relationships among bones and soft tissues

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Skeleton

• Axial skeleton
• Skull
• Hyoid bone
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic (rib) cage
• Appendicular skeleton
• Limbs
• Girdles

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The Complete Skeleton
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Anatomic Bone Features

• Terms
• Body Main part
• Head Enlarge end
• Neck Constriction between head and body
• Margin or border Edge
• Angle Bend
• Ramus Branch off body
• Condyle Smooth rounded articular surface
• Facet Small flattened articular surface

• Projections
• Process Prominent projection
• Tubercle Small rounded bump
• Tuberosity Knob
• Trochanter Tuberosities on proximal femur
• Epicondyle Near or above condyle

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Anatomic Bone Features

• Ridges
• Line or linea Low ridge
• Crest or crista Prominent ridge
• Spine Very high ridge
• Openings
• Foramen Hole
• Canal or meatus Tunnel
• Fissure Cleft
• Sinus or Labyrinth Cavity

• Depressions
• Fossa General term for a depression
• Notch Depression in bone margin
• Fovea Little pit
• Groove or sulcus Deeper, narrow depression

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The Skull or Cranium

• Functions
• Protects brain
• Supports organs of special senses
• Provides foundation for structures that take air,
  food , water into body
• Superior view of skull
• Parietal bones
• Frontal bone
• Sagittal suture
• Coronal suture

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Posterior View of Skull

• Occipital bone
• Lambdoid suture
• Sutural bones
• External occipital protuberance
• Ligamentum nuchae Helps keep head erect
• Nuchal lines Neck muscle attachment points

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Lateral View of Skull

• Squamous suture
• External auditory meatus
• Mastoid Process
• Temporal lines
• Sphenoid bone
• Zygomatic bones
• Maxilla
• Mandible

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Frontal View of Skull

• Frontal bone
• Zygomatic bones
• Maxillae
• Mandible
• Orbits
• Nasolacrimal canal
• Optic foramen

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Bones of Nasal Cavity
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Paranasal Sinuses

• Functions
• Decrease skull weight
• Resonating chambers
• Names
• Frontal
• Maxillary
• Ethmoidal
• Sphenoidal

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Inferior View of Skull

• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
• Jugular foramina
• Styloid processes
• Vomer bone
• Hard or bony palate

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Hyoid Bone

• Unpaired
• No direct bony attachment to skull
• Attachment point for some tongue muscles
• Attachment point for neck muscles that elevate
  larynx during speech and swallowing

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Vertebral Column

• Supports weight of head and trunk
• Protects the spinal cord
• Allow spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
• Provides site for muscle attachment
• Permits movement of head and trunk

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Vertebra

• Body
• Vertebral foramen
• Vertebral arch
• Pedicle
• Lamina
• Transverse process
• Spinous process
• Articular processes

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Intervertebral Disks

• Located between adjacent vertebrae
• Functions
• Provide support
• Prevent vertebrae rubbing
• Consist of
• Annulus fibrosus
• Nucleus pulposus

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Herniated or Ruptured Disk
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Spina Bifida
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Vertebral Column

• Regions
• Cervical (7 vertebrae)
• Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
• Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
• Sacral bone (1)
• Coccygeal bone (1)
• Major Curvatures (4)
• Abnormal curvatures
• Lordosis
• Kyphosis
• Scoliosis

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Cervical Vertebrae

• Atlas
• First vertebra
• Axis
• Second vertebra
• Dens or odontoid process
• Vertebral prominens

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Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
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Sacrum and Coccyx
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Thoracic or Rib Cage

• Functions
• Protects vital organs
• Forms semi-rigid chamber for respiration
• Parts
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs (12 pair)
• True or Vertebrosternal
• False or Vertebrochondral
• Floating or vertebral
• Sternum

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Sternum

• Breastbone
• Parts
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
• Sternal angle
• Important landmark for counting ribs to locate
  areas of the heart

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Girdles
• Pectoral or shoulder
• Pelvic
• Upper Limbs
• Arm
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Hand
• Lower Limbs
• Thigh
• Leg
• Foot

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Pectoral Girdle

• Scapula (2)
• Acromion process
• Forms protective cover
• Attachment for clavicle
• Attachment for muscles
• Coracoid process
• Attachment for muscles
• Glenoid cavity
• Articulates with humerus
• Clavicle (2)

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Arm

• Humerus
• Head
• Anatomic and surgical
• Neck
• Tubercles
• Greater and lesser
• Intertubercular groove
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum
• Articulates with radius
• Trochlea
• Articulates with ulna
• Epicondyles

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Forearm

• Radius
• Thumb side
• Most commonly fractured bone in 50 years people
• Ulna
• Little finger side
• Trochlear notch
• Olecranon process
• Coronoid process

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Wrist and Hand

• Wrist
• 8 carpal bones
• Hand
• 5 metacarpals (palm of hand)
• Phalanges

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Pelvis

• Coxae Right and Left
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Sit down bone
• Pubis
• Pubic symphysis
• Acetabulum
• Obturator foramen
• Sacrum

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Male and Female Pelvis
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Thigh

• Femur
• Head
• Neck
• Trochanters
• Greater and lesser
• Condyles
• Medial and lateral
• Epicondyles
• Medial and lateral
• Patella or kneecap

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Leg

• Tibia
• Larger and supports most of weight
• Tibial tuberosity
• Condyles
• Medial malleolus
• Fibula
• Articulates with tibia not femur
• Lateral malleolus

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Foot

• Tarsals (7)
• Metatarsals (5)
• Phalanges

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Arches of the Foot

• Function
• Distribute weight of body between heel and ball
  of foot
• Three major arches
• Transverse arch
• Longitudinal arches Medial and lateral