More on UML

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More on UML
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Basic Model
Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Type Inheritance
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
3
Basic Model
An abstract class cannot be used to create new
objects. It is a specification for subclasses
Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Type Inheritance
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
4
Basic Model
A creatable class represents objects than can be
created directly in Visual Basicv
Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Type Inheritance
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
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Basic Model
An Instantiable class cannot be directly create
new objects, but objects of this class can be
created as a property of another class
Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Type Inheritance
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
6
Basic Model

• An association represents relationships between
  classes and have defined multiplicities at both
  ends
• 1 1 and only 1
• 0..1 0 or 1
• M..N
• Or 0.. zero to any
• 1.. 1 to any

Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Type Inheritance
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
Association
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Basic Model
Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Type Inheritance
Defines specialized classes that share
properties and methods with the superclass and
have additonal properties methods
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
Association
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Inheritance
Line
Primary Line
Secondary Line
Primary Line and Secondary Line (creatable
classes) areare types of a line (abstract class)
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Basic Model
Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Type Inheritance
Specifies that one object from one class has a
method with which it creates an object from
another class
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
Association
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Instantiation
A pole can have a method for creating Transformers
Pole

• Transformer

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Basic Model
Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Specifies that one object from one class has a
method with which it creates an object from
another class
Type Inheritance
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
Association
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Aggregation
A asymmetric association in which an object from
one class is considered to be a whole and
objects from other class are considered parts
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A transformer bank has exactly 3 transformers
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Basic Model
Stronger form of Aggregation in which from the
whole class control the lifetime of the Part
Class
Abstract Class
Aggregation
Instantiation
Type Inheritance
Creatable Class
Instantiable- Class
Composition
1..
Association
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Composition
A pole has 1 or many () crossarms. No pole, no
crossarms so the pole object controls the life
and times of the crossarm object
Pole
Crossarms
1..
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Data Representation models

• Vectors points, lines, polygons. Best for
  discrete features (choropleths) with uniform
  properties throughout
• Raster images or continuous data
• TINs (Triangular Irregular network) used
  primarily to capture shape of country

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TINs

• Support perspective views of data and other data
  can be draped over the TIN
• TINs can model points, lines, and polys also
• TINs are made of mass points, lines.
• A Break line represents streams, ridges, etc.
• Exclusionary areas represent polys with the same
  elevation (lakes)

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Feature Datasets

• In a FD each location is recorded as a simple x,y
  coordinate.
• A point is a single x,y coordinate point
• A line are ordered pairs of x,ys
• A polygon is recorded as series of ordered x,y
  coordinates.

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Feature classes

• Points represents geographic features that have
  NO area or dimensions.
• OR are features that are too small for their
  boundaries to be visible at a given scale
• Lines have length and no area
• Polys represent areas like towns, states, etc.

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The Shape of Features
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Point

• Points and multipoints
• Multipoints are unordered collections of points
  with a common set of attributes
• Example Set of wells that from a singel unit

Point
Multipoint
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PolyLines

• An ordered collection of lines or paths
• Can be disjointed or connected
• Are used to represent all linear features
• Simple features are represented by single path
  polylines
• Complex linear features like travel routs are
  represented by polylines with many paths

1 path
Multiple, connected paths
Multiple, disjoint paths
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Polygons
Nested rings alternate between interior rings and
island rings Rings can be disjoint but cannot
overlap!

• A collection of rings that are partially ordered
  by their containment r relationships

Interior ring and island ring
One Ring
Disjoint Rings
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Envelopes

• Represents the spatial extent of features. It is
  a rectangle that surrounds all data in a
  geometry
• Includes the range of Z and M values.
• Sides are parallel to the coordinate system
• ALL geometries have em!

Envelope
ymax
Geometry
ymin
xmin
xmax
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Extent???

• Was that what we used to call extent?

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Components of Features

• Segments
• Paths
• Rings

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Segments

• Lines
• Straight segment w/ 2 end pts - built stuff
• Circular Arcs
• Portion of a circle w/ 2 end pts - built stuff
• Elliptical Arcs
• A chunk of a ellipse w/ 2 end pts - ????
• Bezier curves
• Defined by 4 control pts. 3rd order polynomial.
  Used for streams, contours, etc. Also used for
  placement of text along curved segments

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Paths

• Is a sequence of of connected segments
• Segments in a path cannot intersect!
• A path can contain any combination of lines,
  circular arcs, elliptical arcs, and Bezier curves
• Tangents Often segments are tangent with each
  other where they meet.
• Means that segments meet at the same angle

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Tangency

• The example in the book is that often roads
  segments are made up of straight lines and
  circular arcs that meet smoothly.
• NOT! Any engineered road uses parabolic curves!

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Rings

• A ring is just a path that closes on itself at
  one point (no overlaps) and has an inside and an
  outside
• The coordinates for the start and end are the same

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Attributes of Feature Geometries

• Z values
• Usually represents elevation
• But may also represent anything else that makes
  sense
• Can assign Zs to to each point in a point,
  multipoint, polyLine, or polygon
• Used for streams, ridge lines, or lakes
• Ridge line?

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Ridge Line etc?

• A profile along the surface. Each point has a Z
  value
• Around a lake all the Z values would be the same
• Zs are quite often used to prepare elevation data
  for input into a TIN.

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M

• Some aps employ a linear measurement system that
  is based on interpolated distances along a path
• M values can be assigned to point in a
  multipoint, polyline, or polygon
• Mile posting is an example
• Its use in hydrologic data for distances from
  features is another

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Linear measures
4,500
3,500
3,000
4,100
5,000

• The geometry system has the functionality
• to interpolate M values for x,y points along a
  path OR
• to calculate x,y positions from a M value along a
  path

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Constructing Geometry

• Lots of ways to do construction
• Similar to COGO
• Most found in the Editor
• Most you have seen

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Units and Input

• Angles are usually specified as geometric angles
  measured CCW from the positive axis of the
  coordinate system
• Deflection angles are measured from a point
  relative to a baseline

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Units and Input

• Angles are usually specified as geometric angles
  measured CCW from the positive axis of the
  coordinate system
• Deflection angles are measured from a point
  relative to a baseline

Deflection angle
Baseline
Geometric angle
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Point Constructions

• Construct along (any distance or proportion along
  a line)
• Construct angle bisector
• Construct angle Intersection
• Construct deflection
• Construct Deflection Intersection
• Construct offset
• Construct parallel

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Multipoint Construction

• Construct Circular Arc Points
• Construct Divide equal
• Consturct Divide Length
• Construct Implied Intersection
• Construct Intersection
• Construct Tangent
• Construct 3 point Resection

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Other Constructions

• Line -- Construct Angle Bisector
• Circular Arc
• Construct Arc Distance
• Construct Chord Distance
• Construct Chord Height
• Construct Fillet
• Construct Tangent and point
• Construct three points
• Construct 2 points and radius

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MoreConsrtuction

• Curve -- Construct offset
• Path Construct rigid stretch
• Angle
• Construct line
• Construct Three Point

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Testing Spatial Relationships

• There are a set of Boolean operators that tet the
  spatial relationships between a base geometry and
  a comparison geometry
• They can be applied to points, multipoints,
  polylines, and polygons

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Equals
Base Geometry
Comparison Geometry
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Contains
Base Geometry
Comparison Geometry
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Within
Base Geometry
Comparison Geometry
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Crosses
Base Geometry
Comparison Geometry
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Disjoint
Base Geometry
Comparison Geometry
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Overlaps
Base Geometry
Comparison Geometry
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Touches
Base Geometry
Comparison Geometry
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Topological Operators

• Buffer
• Clip
• Convex Hull
• Cut
• Difference
• Intersect
• Symmetric difference
• Union

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Convex Hull
Smallest poly that wraps another geometry without
any concave areas
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Difference
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Symmetric Difference
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Summary
This all came from the Modeling our World Book on
Reserve in Moon It is worth reading!