TRM 431 International Organisations Fall 20092010

1
TRM 431 International OrganisationsFall
2009-2010

• Lecturer Burçin Hatipoglu
• Meeting Times Tuesdays 4th hour and Thursdays
  5th and 6th hours

These slides are prepared by the lecturer using
the below sources Pease(2008), International
Organizations 3rd Ed. United Nations official
website Dr. Maria Alvarez and TRM 431 student
presentations Akerhielm, Dev et al., 2003 Brand
Europe European integration and Tourism
Development, Cornell hotel and Restaurant
Administration Quarterly 4488.
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The Panel at Bogaziçi Sustainable Environment

• Contributers Muzaffer Akpinar,Hayrettin Karaca,
  Orhan Yenigün, Suzan Sabanci Dinçer, Akin Öngör,
  Metin Aydogan, Begüm Özkaynak
• Comments By all the contributors the COPENHAGEN
  Climate Conference 2009 was found to be very
  important.
• Akpinar(Dost Energy) We rate very high on
  renewable energy resources but we dont utilize
  it. The government should support the industry
  just like EU.
• Akin Öngör was very pessimistic about Turkish
  citizens awareness about environment.
• Yenigün mentioned an OECD study. They found that
  among OECD countries Turkish people were found to
  be the least concerned nation about environment!
•  He added that by signing Kyoto protocol in the
  beginning of 2009 we saved our dignity before
  going to Denmark. But it is not enough.
• Even very undeveloped countries came with a
  plan to the conference but Turkey has no plan for
  decreasing its contribution to global warming.

3
United NationsFramework Convention on Climate
Change(UNFCCC)

• United Nations Climate Change Conference has
  taken place in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7
  December and 18 December 2009.
• In 2012 the Kyoto Protocol to prevent climate
  changes and global warming runs out. To keep the
  process on the line there is an urgent need for a
  new climate protocol. At the conference the
  parties of the UNFCCC meet for the last time on
  government level before the climate agreement
  need to be renewed.

4
UNFCCC

• Governmental representatives from 170 countries
  were in Copenhagen in the days of the conference
  accompanied by other governmental
  representatives, NGO's, journalists and others.
  In total 8000 people are expected to Copenhagen
  in the days of the climate meeting.

5
COPENHAGEN Climate Conference 2009 Findings

• Many are disappointed with COP15s main output
• There are 28 countries that signed the Copenhagen
  Accord.
• UN urges all countries to sign climate accord
• Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also urges richer
  nations to contribute to a multi-billion dollar
  fund to help poorer countries cope with global
  warming which will become operational in January.

6
What is the Copenhagen Accord ?

• The Accord is not legally binding. It
• Endorses the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol
• Recognises "the scientific view that the increase
  in global temperature should be below 2 degrees
  Celsius"
• Recognises "the critical impacts of climate
  change and the potential impacts of response
  measures on countries particularly vulnerable to
  its adverse effects"
• Stresses "the need to establish a comprehensive
  adaptation programme including international
  support"

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How successful was Copenhagen Accord?

• No decision was taken on whether to agree a
  legally binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol.
• The accord sets no real targets to achieve in
  emissions reductions

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How successful was Copenhagen Accord?

• Developed countries commit to a goal of
  mobilizing jointly 100 billion U.S. dollars a
  year by 2020 to address the needs of developing
  countries
• According to China Concerns of the countries and
  regions that are vulnerable to climate change,
  including the least developed countries, small
  island countries and Africa, are addressed in the
  accord. www.chinaview.cn
• Issues demanding further talks include the
  emission reduction goals of developed countries
  by 2020 and the volume and management of the
  funding and technology they are to offer .

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International Organizations in a world of
paradoxes

• Paradox 1 The insistence upon state sovereignty,
  supremacy and independence in a shrinking,
  interdependent world.
• Each state declares the right to determine its
  own course of action, regardless of the effects
  upon the other states, and at the same time is
  increasingly dependent upon the actions of other
  states in vital areas of mutual concern such as
  trade, communications, economic development and
  world peace.
• Even though increasingly there are many problems
  which are international and common to many
  countries, because states insist on their
  sovereignty and right to make their own
  decisions, only when high coincidence of
  interests occurs can agreements be reached.

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International Organizations in a world of
paradoxes

• Paradox 2 Increasing nationalism in an
  increasingly global world.
• For newly emergent states, nation building is the
  primary concern and they emphasize nationalism.
  Older states emphasize national security issues,
  economic interests and prestige. But at the same
  time we are seeing that increasingly the world is
  becoming more global and that what occurs in one
  state affects other states. (ex we have
  mentioned the risk of nationalism in Russia in
  return for NATO expansion)

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International Organizations in a world of
paradoxes

• Paradox 3 The separation of international and
  domestic concerns.
• As the world shrinks through the effects of
  technology and communications, the line between
  domestic and international problems becomes
  increasingly blurred.

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The UN System

• The IMF, World Bank and other independent
  organizations are known as specialized agencies
  linked to the UN by cooperative agreements. Some
  of these are older than the UN (Ex ILO,
  Universal Postal Union).
• These organizations have an autonomous and
  independent status inside of the UN, and can not
  be affected or pressured by other UN organs and
  institutions. ???

13
The UN System

• There are a number of UN offices, programmes and
  funds work to improve economic and social
  condition of people around the world.
• Ex UNDP, UN Childrens Fund.
• These are set-up for specific problems or issues,
  but they are not totally independent from the UN.
•  

14
UNDP

• UN's global development network, an organization
  advocating for change and connecting countries to
  knowledge, experience and resources to help
  people build a better life.
• World leaders have pledged to achieve the
  Millennium Development Goals, including the
  overarching goal of cutting poverty in half by
  2015.
• UNDPs focus is helping countries build and share
  solutions to the challenges of
• Democratic Governance
• Poverty Reduction
• Crisis Prevention and Recovery
• Environment and Energy
• HIV/AIDS

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UNDP

• "The fact is that globalization, the global
  market economy delivers to the upper half it
  doesn't really deliver to the poor people. In
  some cities in the developing world, you have 50
  percent of young people unemployed. So the
  challenge is huge and we have to focus on it.
• At the UNDP, that's what we try to do. We try to
  find the right solutions, try to compare what
  worked in some places to what didn't work in
  other places, and build and bring capacity
  development to these countries. Kemal Devis,
  UNDP Administrator

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The UN System

• All these organizations have their own governing
  bodies, budgets and secretariats. Increasingly
  these specialized agencies, funds and programs
  are pooling their resources for various purposes.
  
• Ex The Global Environmental Facility, a 5
  billion fund, is administered by the United
  Nations Development Program (UNDP), United
  Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and the
  World Bank, to help developing countries carry
  out environmental programmes.

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UN The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

• The mission of the ECOSOC is to promote the
  welfare of all peoples everywhere. It coordinates
  the economic and social work of the United
  Nations and the UN family (specialize agencies
  and UN programs) and it provides a central forum
  for discussing economic and social issues and for
  formulating policy recommendations. It consults
  with NGOs, maintaining the link between the UN
  and the civil society.
• The following include some topics for the ECOSOC
  human rights, refugees, economic and social
  development, culture, education, health, food
  supply, trade and transportation, population,
  narcotic drugs, housing, labour conditions,
  communications, etc.
•  

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ECOSOC

• The functions of the ECOSOC are
• 1.      Deliberation and recommendation
• 2.      Research and reports
• 3.      Coordination.

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INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

• NGOs are private, voluntary, non-profit
  organizations whose members combine their skills,
  means and energies in the service of shared
  ideals and objectives.
• NGOs are very diverse. Some deal with topics such
  as human rights, environmental protection,
  humanitarian relief, etc., with the aim to
  protect the whole of human society.
• Other NGOs represent limited groups (ex
  industries, religious sects, etc.). Some NGOs are
  independent of government or private interests,
  whereas others are not so independent.

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The Rising Importance of NGOs

• Recently, NGOs have started to acquire more
  importance due to
• 1.      Growth of citizen organizations at all
  levels of society. There is a move towards a
  greater democratization and development. This in
  turn leads to the greater participation of
  citizens in the economy and political
  environment. An increasing number of
  organizations are created by these empowered
  citizens.
• 2.      The need for action on global problems.
  There is a growing realization that national
  governments by themselves can not cope with the
  increasing number of global problems. This has
  resulted on a move towards global governance.
• 3.      Breakthroughs in communication
  technologies have caused the immediate and direct
  contact of individuals and their organizations
  anywhere in the world.

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NGOs in Tourism
Addressing Environmental and Social Issues
2
1
3
Promotion of Industry Interests
Providing Data and Advice

• Support planning
• Conducting studies
• Providing consultants
• ex International Centre of Responsible Tourism,
• World Travel Tourism Council

• Sustainable Development
• Environmental Protection
• Preserve Cultural Heritage
• Peace and Security
• Equal Access (rights) for all travelers

• Monitoring decisions that may affect the
  industry,
• Lobbying (direct/indirect)
• Setting standards
• Regulating members
• ex TTYD, Association of Independent Tour
  Operators
• World Association of Travel Agents

1
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The Role of Tourism in International Relations

• Tourism is as much part of foreign policy as a
  commercial activity. It is a component of
  International Relations
• -         The encouragement of travel flows
  between nations may be evidence of a positive
  political relationship (ex States inside
  European Union). Or the absence might indicate
  political tension. (ex Turkey and Greece)
• -         Travel flows between nations encourage
  economic interdependence (ex Turkey-Germany,
  Greece-UK).
• -         Tourism can serve as a force for peace.
  The greater contact between nations, the greater
  the international understanding.

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European Monetary Union

• A monetary union is an arrangement where several
  countries have agreed to share a single currency
  amongst themselves.
• The European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
  consists of three stages coordinating economic
  policy, achieving economic convergence and
  culminating with the adoption of the euro, the
  EU's single currency. The main objective of the
  EMU is to eliminate instability by fixing the
  exchange rate of the currencies within the
  system. Another objective is to advance towards
  the long-term objective of creating a political
  union (or some sort of federalism) within Europe.
• Stage One 1 July 1990 to 31 December 1993,
  exchange controls were abolished.
• Stage Two 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1998,
  the European Central Bank (ECB) is created
• Stage Three 1 January 1999 and continuing, the
  euro is a real currency, and a single monetary
  policy is introduced under the authority of the
  ECB
• Sixteen member states of the European Union have
  entered the third stage and have adopted the euro
  as their currency.

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Effects of the EU on Tourism

• The biggest change for the tourists to Europe
  since the formation of EU is the use of EURO
  (Akerheim, 2003).
• The second effect is the emergence of low-cost
  airlines like Easy Jet, Ryan Air. (Akerheim,
  2003)
• There are also indirect effects. One result has
  been the price increases.
• There has been structural funds given to regions
  to develop tourism. European Developement Fund
  and LEADER program was used to develop those
  regions as tourist destinations.
• Despite the importance of tourism for the EU
  there is no common tourism policy.
• Overall the dropping of barriers for th emovement
  of goods, services and people, introduction of th
  eEURO, th eoffer of developement grants and
  cross-boreder business growth have helped the
  development of tourism in EU. (Akerheim, 2003)

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Effects of the EMU on Tourism

• Increase of intra-European travel due to the ease
  of moving from one EU country to another without
  having to change currencies. This will facilitate
  the positioning of European tourism destinations
  as Destination Europe.
• At the same time, the EU consumer will be able to
  easily compare prices in different member
  countries directly. This may eventually
  strengthen competition and cause prices to fall.
  After the introduction of euro notes and coins,
  European tourists traveling within the Eurozone
  no longer have the problem of left-over cash.
• The disappearance of foreign exchange commissions
  for persons traveling within the Eurozone will
  stimulate mobility. Savings made on transaction
  costs may lead to higher travel budgets.

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Effects of the EMU on Tourism

•   4. For third countries receiving European
  tourists it is expected that they will
  increasingly deal in euros rather than dollars.
• 5. Tourist operators can also benefit from the
  elimination of a great part of foreign exchange
  risks due to the elimination of exchange rate
  fluctuations within the Eurozone. On the other
  hand, the travel agents will loose the revenue
  previously obtained from foreign exchange
  transactions.

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Specialized international regimes

• In some areas, governments have developed
  specialized global institutions operating under
  specific rules for each service.
•  Example Air transport is ruled at the
  international level under the fundamental
  principle that each country is sovereign of its
  own air space and nothing happens in that space
  without its permission. Notwithstanding this
  principle, firms have been allowed to form the
  International Air Transport Association (IATA)
  and governments have formed an International
  Aviation Organization (ICAO). These institutions
  provide rules for the allocation of routes,
  setting of prices, safety regulations, etc.

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The World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

• The leading international organisation in
  tourism. It has a role in promoting the
  development of responsible, sustainable and
  universally accessible tourism, paying particular
  attention to the interests of the developing
  countries.
• 160 members countries more than 350 Affiliate
  members representing the private sector,
  educational institutions, tourism associations
  and local tourism authorities.

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UNWTO

• UNWTO has regional representatives in Africa,
  the ?Americas, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe,
  the Middle East and South Asia based at ?the
  Headquarters in Madrid.
• Actions that strengthen and support the efforts
  of National Tourism ?Administrations are carried
  out by the regional representatives.

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The World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

• The Organization encourages the implementation
  ?of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism.
• The Code sets a frame of reference for the
  responsible and sustainable development of world
  tourism. There are ten principles defining the
  roles of various parties.(Gov, tour operators,
  tourist..)
• World Tourism Organization believes that the Code
  is needed to help minimize the negative impacts
  of tourism on the environment and on cultural
  heritage while maximizing the benefits for
  residents of tourism destinations.

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The World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

• UNWTO is committed to the United Nations
  Millennium Development Goals, geared ?toward
  reducing poverty and fostering sustainable
  development. It has special programs targeted for
  achieving these goals.
• One such example is the Sustainable Tourism
  Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP) program. It grew out
  of the World Summit made in Johannesburg, South
  Africa in 2002.
• The implementation of the project started in 2005
  in the village of Ebogo in Cameroon. Since then
  the number of projects have expanded.

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The Role of Tourism in Poverty Reduction

• Tourism has direct and indirect effects on the
  economic and social development of countries.
• Opportunities for creating jobs, opportunities
  for training. Wider reach for poorer and less
  developed regions
• Infrastructure development.
• Small business development gift shops, tourist
  guides, tours
• Jobs for minority groups female employees,
  indigenous people.
• Protection of natural and cultural sites

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The Role of Tourism in Poverty Reduction

• IO have roles in reducing poverty through
  tourism.
• Intergovernmental organizations UNDP programs,
  EU, UNWTO (please refer back to their specific
  programs)
• Non-governmental Organizations OXFAM programs,
  End Poverty Programs 2015, global Call against
  poverty
• Multinational Corporations Hotels and Tour
  organizers with specific community programs. Ritz
  Carlton

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Tourism and Global Warming

• The changes in climate will effect tourism
  activity.
• Direct climatic impacts Increase in costs
  (Heating, cooling, infrastructure costs, food and
  water supply)
• Indirect environmental change effect Change in
  water availability changes in tourist
  activities, example rafting. Shifts in
  destinations. We may multiply the examples.