Objectives

1
CSC461 Lecture 14Representations

• Objectives
• Introduce homogeneous coordinates
• Discuss change of frames and basis

2
A Single Representation

• If we define 0P 0 and 1P P then we can write
  
• va1v1 a2v2 a3v3 a1 a2 a3 0 v1 v2 v3 P0
  T
• P P0 b1v1 b2v2 b3v3 b1 b2 b3 1 v1 v2
  v3 P0 T
• Thus we obtain the four-dimensional homogeneous
  coordinate representation
• v a1 a2 a3 0 T
• p b1 b2 b3 1 T

3
Homogeneous Coordinates

• The general form of four dimensional homogeneous
  coordinates is
• px y x w T
• We return to a three dimensional point (for w?0)
  by
• x?x/w
• y?y/w
• z?z/w
• If w0, the representation is that of a vector
• Note that homogeneous coordinates replaces points
  in three dimensions by lines through the origin
  in four dimensions

4
Homogeneous Coordinates and Computer Graphics

• Homogeneous coordinates are key to all computer
  graphics systems
• All standard transformations (rotation,
  translation, scaling) can be implemented by
  matrix multiplications with 4 x 4 matrices
• Hardware pipeline works with 4 dimensional
  representations
• For orthographic viewing, we can maintain w0 for
  vectors and w1 for points
• For perspective we need a perspective division

5
Change of Coordinate Systems

• Consider two representations of the same vector
  with respect to two different bases. The
  representations are

aa1 a2 a3 T
bb1 b2 b3T
where
va1v1 a2v2 a3v3 a1 a2 a3 v1 v2 v3TaT
v1 v2 v3T vb1u1 b2u2 b3u3 b1 b2 b3 u1
u2 u3T bT u1 u2 u3 T
6
Representing a basis in terms of another

• Each of the basis vectors, u1,u2, u3, are vectors
  that can be represented in terms of the first
  basis

u1 g11v1g12v2g13v3 u2 g21v1g22v2g23v3 u3
g31v1g32v2g33v3
7
Matrix Form

• The coefficients define a 3 3 matrix
• and the basis can be related by
• Thus, we have or

M
M
vaT v1 v2 v3T bT u1 u2 u3 T bTMv1 v2 v3T
aMTb
b(MT)-1a
8
Example

• Vector w has representation in some basis v1,
  v2, v3 a1 2 3T, wv12v23v3
• Make a new basis u1, u2, u3 such that
• u1 v1
• u2 v1v2
• u3 v1v2v3
• The matrix M
• Inverse the transpose A (MT)-1
• That is, bAa-1 -1 3T, w-u1-u23u3

9
Change of Frames

• We can apply a similar process in homogeneous
  coordinates to the representations of both points
  and vectors
• Consider two frames
• Any point or vector can be represented in each

10
Representing One Frame in Terms of the Other

• Extending what we did with change of bases
• Defining a 4 x 4 matrix

u1 g11v1g12v2g13v3 u2 g21v1g22v2g23v3 u3
g31v1g32v2g33v3 Q0 g41v1g42v2g43v3 P0
M
11
Working with Representations

• Within the two frames any point or vector has a
  representation of the same form
• aa1 a2 a3 a4 in the first frame
• bb1 b2 b3 b4 in the second frame
• where a4 b4 1 for points and a4 b4 0 for
  vectors and
• The matrix M is 4 x 4 and specifies an affine
  transformation in homogeneous coordinates

aMTb
12
Affine Transformations

• Every linear transformation is equivalent to a
  change in frames
• Every affine transformation preserves lines
• However, an affine transformation has only 12
  degrees of freedom because 4 of the elements in
  the matrix are fixed and are a subset of all
  possible 4 x 4 linear transformations

13
The World and Camera Frames

• When we work with representations, we work with
  n-tuples or arrays of scalars
• Changes in frame are then defined by 4 x 4
  matrices
• In OpenGL, the base frame that we start with is
  the world frame
• Eventually we represent entities in the camera
  frame by changing the world representation using
  the model-view matrix
• Initially these frames are the same (MI)