?e??

1
?e??µat?????a st?? p???t??? ?a? p?s?t??? ??e??a
???e??? ?e??µat??
Cohen, L. Manion, L. (2000). ?p?s??p?se?? (?ef.
4, ss. 122-134). ?e??d?????a e?pa?de?t????
??e??a?. (N. ?apa?e??????, ?p?µ. ??d. ?a?
µet?f?as??). ????a ?eta??µ??.
?a????, ?.?. ?afe???p?????, ?. (2001). ?e??????
de??µat?????a? (????? G?, ?ef. 2, ss. 176-208).
?p?st?µ????? ??e??a ?e???a ?a? efa?µ???? st??
?????????? ep?st?µe?. ????a ??p???t?.
2
Te???t??? ??a?s?? (?a??de??µa)
S??des? µe p??????µe?? µ???µa
3
S?ed?asµ?? t?? µe??d?????a?
S??des? µe p??????µe?? µ???µa

• St? s?ed?asµ? t?? µe??d?????a? ?/? e?e???t??/t??a
  p??pe? ?a ??ße? ?p???
• ?? s??p?, t??? ep?µ????? st????? ?a? ta
  e?e???t??? e??t?µata-?p???se??
• ?? ????? ?a? ta µ?sa p?? ??e? st? d???es? t??/t??
• ??? de???t?te? ?a? t?? eµpe???a t??/t??
• ?? p??s?p??? t??/t?? e?d?af????
• ????? d???µµata-ep?pt?se?? t?? e?e???t????
  d?ad??as?a? sta ?p??e?µe?a/s?µµet????te? t??
  ??e??a?

4
???? ? e?e???t?? a???se? ?a s?????e? ta ded?µ??a
?a p??pe?
S??des? µe p??????µe?? µ???µa

• ?a ep????e? ta ?p??e?µe?a t?? ??e??a? (de??µa)
  ap? t?? p????sµ? st?? ?p??? ep??e?t???eta? ?
  ??e??a ?a? t? µ???d? ep?????? t???
  (de??µat?????a)
• ?a e?asfa??se? p??sßas? p??? ta ?p??e?µe?a t??
  ??e??a?
• ?a ep????e? t? µ?s? ? ta µ?sa s??????? ded?µ????
• ?a ??ße? ?p??? t? ??????µ??? ??st?? t?? ??e??a?
• ?a p??ß???e? ????? ??t?µata p?? p??a??? ?a
  p????????

5
?e??µat?????a

• ? de??µat?????a apa?te? t?? a???ß? ???sµ? t??
  p????sµ??, ?ste ?a e??a? d??at? ? ep????? t??
  de??µat?? ap? t?? p????sµ? st?? ?p??? ape????eta?
  ? ??e??a
• ?e??µa e??a? ??a ?p?s????? t?? p????sµ?? p??
  ep????eta? ??a e?e???t????? s??p???

6
?e??µat?????a ??t?p??s?pe?t??? de??µa

• G?a ?a e??a? ??a de??µa a?t?p??s?pe?t??? p??pe?
  ta ???s?µa ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?a e??a? ta ?d?a µe
  a?t? t?? p????sµ??
• ??t? e?a?t?ta? ap? t?? t??p? ep?????? t??
  de??µat?? (d??. ?a ??e? ep??e?e? µe t??a?? t??p?)
  ?a? t? µ??e??? t?? (d??. ?a e??a? p???p?????)
• ?p??????ta? a?t?p??s?pe?t??? de??µa ?/?
  e?e???t??/t??a µp??e? ?a ep??e???se? ?a
  p??????se? se ?e???e?se?? t?? s?µpe?asµ?t?? t??
  ??e??a? st? s????? t?? p????sµ??
• S???de?eta? ap? t? ????? t?? de??µat?????a? µ???
  ??a ap? p???? p??a?? de??µata µe?et?ta?

7
??a?s?? ?e??µat?????a? Sampling Frame

1. ?? t? p?a?s?? (???a??) de??µat?????a? de? e??a?
   t? ß??t?st? d??at?, ?aµµ?? µ???d?? de??µat?????a?
   de? µp??e? ?a µ?? d?se? a?t?p??s?pe?t??? de??µa.
2. Ge???e?s? ???eta? µ??? st?? p?a?µat??? p????sµ?
   p?? ?a?????eta? ap? t? p?a?s?? de??µat?????a?.

8
?e??µa p??a??t?t?? ??a ep????? a?t?p??s?pe?t????
de??µat??

• ???a? ???st? ? p??a??t?ta ep?????? t?? ???e
  µ????? t?? p????sµ??
• ?p?? t??a?a de??µat?????a (random) ???e µ????
  t?? µe?et?µe??? p????sµ?? ??e? t?? ?d?a
  p??a??t?ta ?a ep??e?e? (apa?te?ta? p?????
  ?at?????? t?? p????sµ?? p?? de? e??a? p??ta
  d?a??s?µ?? ?a? µp??e? ?a ???e? ?????s? ? ?a ???e?
  ???s? t??a??? a???µ??). ???a? s??p?µ? d?ad??as?a
  t?? e?e???t?
• S?st?µat??? de??µat?????a (systematic)
  ????ete?ta? s???e???µ??? d?ad??as?a ep?????? t??
  de??µat?? µe s?st?µat??? t??p? ?a? ??? st?? t???
  (p.?. 1 ???e e???s? ?t?µa, ? ???e 5??, 9?? ?t?.)
• St??µat?p???µ??? a?a?????? de??µat?????a
  (stratified proportional) d?a??es? t?? p????sµ??
  se ?µ????e?e?? ?µ?de? p?? ?a?eµ?a ?a pe???aµß??e?
  ?p??e?µe?a µe pa??µ??a ?a?a?t???st???, p.?. µ???
  ??d?e?, µ??? ???a??e?. ???e ?at?????a p????sµ??
  a?t?p??s?pe?eta? a?a?????? µet? ap? t??a?a ep?????

9
?e??µa p??a??t?t?? ??a ep????? a?t?p??s?pe?t????
de??µat??

1. ?e??µat?????a ?at? s?st?de?/desµ?de? ?
   s?µp?e?µat??? (cluster) ?p?d?a????µe t??
   p????sµ? se ?µ??e?e?? ?µ?de?/tµ?µata t??
   e???te??? p????sµ??, ep??????µe t??a?a ??a ?
   pe??ss?te?a ?a? d?e???eta? ? ??e??a µe ta
   ?p??e?µe?a t?? tµ?µat?? a?t?? (p.?. ??a ?a e?????
   ta ep?peda ??e?a? t?? pa?d??? ap? µ?a ?????t?ta,
   ep????? ??a a???µ? s???e??? ?a? a??????? ta
   pa?d?? a?t?)
2. ????stad?a?? de??µat?????a (multistage) ep?????
   de??µ?t?? ap? de??µata (t??a?a ep????? s???e???,
   µet? tµ?µata, µet? µa??t??)

• St?? t?e?? p??te? ? ep????? p?????e? st? ep?ped?
  t?? at?µ??, e??
• st?? t?ta?t? ?a? p?µpt? st? ep?ped? ?µ?da? p??
  pe????e? ta ?t?µa

10
?p?? t??a?a ???e st???e?? t?? p????sµ?? ??e? t??
?d?a p??a??t?ta ?a ep??e?e? ?a? ???e s??d?asµ??
st???e??? ??e? ep?s?? t?? ?d?a p??a??t?ta ?a
ep??e?e?. ??p??? pe??pt?s? e??a? ? ?????t?da ?
t??a??? a???µ?? p?? ep??????ta? ap? µ?a ??sta.
11
???a?a St??µat?p???µ??? ???????µe t?? p????sµ? se
?µ?de? p?? d?af????? ?at? ??s?ast??? t??p?. ??
?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?µad?p???s?? t?? st???e??? t??
p????sµ?? p??pe? ?a e??a? ???st? p??? ap? t?
de??µat?????a. ?p??????µe ??a t??a?? de??µa ap?
???e ?µ?da.
12
???a?a St??µat?p???µ??? G?a ???e de??µa
s???e???µ???? µe??????, µe???e? t? sf??µa se
s??s? µe t?? ap?? t??a?a de??µat?????a (?? ????sa
?at? ??s?ast??? t??p? t?? ?µ?de?). ?s????p?a
µeta?? ??st??? st??µat?p???s?? ?a? µ????te???
de??µat?? p?? ?a apa?te?ta?. ? p??a??t?ta
ep?????? ap? ???e ?µ?da µp??e? ?a e??a?
d?af??et???, ft??e? ?a e??a? ???st?. ?pe?-e?p??s?
p?s? (over-sampling) µ????? ?µ?d?? ße?t???e? t?
d??at?t?ta ??a s?????se??.
13
???a?a S?st?µat??? ???e st???e?? ??e? t?? ?d?a
p??a??t?ta ?a ep??e?e? a??? ???e s??d?asµ??
st???e??? µp??e? ?a ??e? d?af??et??? p??a??t?ta.
G?a p????sµ? µe?????? ? ?a? ep???µ?t? de??µa ?,
t? d??st?µa de??µat?????a? e??a? ??/? ?p?????
t??a?a t?? a???µ? ? µeta?? 1 ?a? ?, ?a? µet?
ep????? ???e ? st???e?a µe t? ded?µ??? t???
se???, ??, 2??, 3?? ?.t.?. ?a??de??µa ?64,
?8, ?64/8, ep????? t??a?a t?? a???µ? 3 ?a?
?e???? de??µat?????a. ???. 3, 11, 19 ?t?
14
???a?a S?st?µat??? ??e? t? ?d?? sf??µa µe t??
ap?? t??a?a de??µat?????a a? ? ??sta ap? t??
?p??a ep??????µe pe????e? ta st???e?a se t??a?a ?
µ? s?st?µat??? (a?a?ateµ??a) se???. ?a???e? ta
?f??? t?? st??µat?p???µ???? de??µat?????a? a? ?
??sta e??a? ?µad?p???µ??? (?p?? fa??eta? d?p?a
st? s??µa)
15
???a?a S?st?µat??? ?µpe????eta? t? ??s??
s?µa?t???? sf??µat?? a? ?p???e? ??p??a
pe???d???t?ta p?? ?a ta?t??eta? µe t? d??st?µa
de??µat?????a? (a??? a?t? e??a? s?????? sp????).
St? d?p?a?? pa??de??µa, a? t? d??st?µa
de??µat?????a? ?ta? 8 ?a? ?e?????sa ap? t? 3?
st???e??, t?te de? ?a ep??e?a p?t? ??????? p??
ß??s?eta? pe???d??? a?? 4 ??se??. ?? t? d??st?µa
de??µat?????a? ?ta? 4 ?a? ?e?????sa ap? t? 1? ?
t? 4? st???e??, t?te ?a ep??e?a µ??? ??????a.
16
S?µp?e?µat??? (?at? s?st?de?-desµ?de?) ???a? µ?a
µ??f? t??a?a? de??µat?????a?. ???????µe t??
p????sµ? a?? ?µ?de?, s?????? µe ?e???af??? ?
???a??t??? ???t???a. ?p????? ??p??e? ?µ?de?
t??a?a. ?p????? ??a ta st???e?a t?? ?µ?da? ? se
µ?a p???-stad?a?? d?ad??as?a, ep????? t??a?a
st???e?a µ?sa ap? ???e ?µ?da p?? ep??????e.
17
S?µp?e?µat??? (?at? s?st?de?-desµ?de?) ???????µe
t?? p????sµ? se ?µ?de?. ?p??????µe t??a?a ??p??e?
?µ?de?. G?a ??a ded?µ??? µ??e??? de??µat??, a?t?
? µ???d?? ??e? p?? p??? pe??????? ?????? ap? t??
ap?? t??a?a de??µat?????a. ? e???????µ?s? ??st???
e?de??µ???? ?a µa? ep?t??pe? p?? µe???a
de??µata. ?? ?? ?µ?de? e??a? p???t??? ?? ?d?e?,
t?te t? ????? µe???eta?.
18
S?µp?e?µat??? (?at? s?st?de?-desµ?de?) ?? ??
?µ?de? e??a? s?µa?t??? d?af??et???? µeta?? t???,
p.?. a? ????s? ta s???e?a s?µf??a µe t?
?e???af??? t??? pe????? (a???t??? ??f??, ast???
??f??, a???t??? ?e???s?a, ast??? ?e???s?a ?.t.?.)
t?te e?de??µ???? ?a ??? µe???? sf??µa. ??de??µ????
?a ??? µe???? sf??µa ??at? µp??e? p.?. ?a µ??
ep??e?e? ?a???a s???e?? ap? t?? ?µ?da S???e?a
ast???? ?e???s?a?.
19
?µad?p???µ??? S?µp?e?µat??? ?e???? t? sf??µa
d?µ???????ta? ?µ?de? (strata) st???e??? µe ??p???
s?µa?t??? ????? ?a?a?t???st??? t? ?p??? ?e???
s?µa?t??? ?a? ???? ?a e?????. ?p????? ??p??a
clusters ap? ???e stratum. ???s?µ?p??? clusters
??a ?a µe??s? t? ??st?? a??? ???? stratification
??a µe??µ??? sf??µa (s?µa?t???? µetaß??t??). ?.?.
Strata t?p?? s???e??? (?e?????, ???e??, ?d??t???
?????????ssa ?a? ?d??t??? ?e?????ssa) ???e
t?p?? s???e??? ??e? p??? d?af??et???
?a?a?t???st???. Clusters ?e????? (??a ?a
e??a? µa?eµ??a se ??a ???? ??a ta??t?ta ?a?
??????µ?a) - e?p??? ?t? s???e?a ?d??? t?p?? ?a
????? ta ?d?a ?a?a?t???st??? se ???e pe?????.
20
?µad?p???µ??? S?µp?e?µat??? ???ta ????? ta
clusters (ta st???e?a p??pe? ?a ????? pa??µ??a
?a?a?t???st??? p.?. a?????? st?? ?d?a
pe?????). ?et? ta????µ? ta clusters se strata µe
d?af??et??? ?a?a?t???st??? (a?????a µe t?? t?p?
s???e???). ?p????? ??a ? pe??ss?te?a clusters ap?
???e stratum ?et? ep????? t??a?a ??p??a st???e?a
(? ?a? ??a) ap? ???e cluster
21
????stad?a?? de??µat?????a S??????
???s?µ?p??e?ta? se p??? µe????? ???µa?e?
de??µat?????a?. ???????? ? ??p??? ?????eta? se
?e???af??? clusters p.?. ?st??? ?a?
????t??? ?p????? µe???? s?µa?t??? µ??? ?????
de??µat?????a p.?. de? µp??? ?a af?s? ??? t??
ast???? µe?????? St??ß????, ?eµes?? ?.t.?. p??
e??a? ap? t?? p?? µe???e? ?a? p?? s?µa?t????. ??
?p????pe? pe?????? (a?? cluster) ta????µ???ta? se
strata p.?. st? cluster t?? ????t???? ??? µe???a
?????, µ???? ?????, ??µ?p??e?? ?.t.?. ?p? ???e
strata ep????? µe???? ?a? µet? µe t??a?a
de??µat?????a ??p????? µa??t?? ap? ???e
ep??e?µ??? ?????.
22
??s?st? apa?t?se?? - s?µµet????

• ???? d?s???? ?a ?????? ??a ta ?p??e?µe?a ?a
  s?µµet?s???? st?? ??e??a.
• ???a? ap? 60 ?e??e?ta? p??? ?a?? p?s?st?
  s?µµet???? st?? ??e??a.
• ?? ??t??µe?? e??a? ?a ep?ßeßa??s??µe ?t? a?t??
  p?? ep??e?a? ?a µ?? s?µµet?s???? de? ????? ??p???
  ????? ?????sµa p?? ?a µ????e? ta ap?te??sµata
  t?? ??e??a?.

23
???e??? de??µat??

• ?? ?p???e? a??µ??????e?a st?? p????sµ?,
  ??e?a??µaste p?? µe???? de??µa.
• ?? ep???µ??µe p?? µe???? a???ße?a, ??e?a??µaste
  p?? µe???? de??µa.
• ?? e??a? stratified ? µe??d?????a µa?, t?te
  ??e?a??µaste p?? µ???? de??µa ap? ?t? a? e??a?
  cluster.
• F?s? t?? stat?st???? a????s?? p?? p???p????
  stat?st??? a????s? apa?te? p?? µe???? de??µa.
• ?? µ??e??? t?? de??µat?? e??a? p?? s?µa?t??? ap?
  t?? a?a????a de??µat??-p????sµ?? t?? p?? p?????
  f????.

24
???a?a de??µat?????a
25
?e??µat?????a ?? a?t?p??s?pe?t??? de??µa

• ?? ?/? e?e???t??/t??a de? ep???µe? ?a ?e???e?se?
  ta s?µpe??sµata t?? ??e??a? (? de? ??e? t???
  p????? ??a µe??t? µe????? de??µat??), t?te
  ep????e? t? de??µa ???s?µ?p????ta? ???t???a p??
  s?et????ta? µe t? ?e???t??? p?a?s?? t?? ??e??a?
  (?e???t??? ? s??p?µ? de??µat?????a)
• St?? p???t??? ??e??a, sp???a ep?d???eta? t?
  a?t?p??s?pe?t??? de??µa ep??????ta? pe??pt?se??
  ef?s?? s?et????ta? µe t? ??µa, ?a? ??? e??
  a?t?p??s?pe???? t? µe?a??te?? p????sµ?

26
?? p??a??t??? de??µa ??a ep????? µ?
a?t?p??s?pe?t???? de??µat??

• ? p??a??t?ta ep?????? e??a? ????st?
• ?????? de??µat?????a (convenience) p??s??ste?a
  ?t?µa, f??t?t??
• ??s?st?a?a de??µat?????a (quota) de??µa
  a?t?p??s?pe?t??? ?? p??? ta d??f??a st???e?a t??
  s???????? p????sµ??, µe t?? a?a????e? p??
  pa???s?????? µ?sa s a?t??. Se ???e ?at?????a
  ep????eta? ??a? p???a????sµ???? a???µ??
  pe??pt?se??
• ?e??µat?????a s??p?µ?t?ta? (purposive)
  ep??????ta? µ??? ?? pe??pt?se?? p?? ?e?????ta?
  t?p???? ?a? s??ep?? ??a??p????? t?? s???e???µ??e?
  a????e? t?? ??e??a?
• ?e??µat?????a ?????st?ß?da (snowball)
  ep??????ta? pe??pt?se?? ap? s?st?se?? ????? µe???
  t?? de??µat??

27
?e??µat?????a st?? p???t??? ??e??a

• ???a?a ? ap???????se? pe??pt?se?? (? pe??pt?se??
  ???t???? pe??pt?s??)
• ??p???? pe??pt?se??
• ?e??µat?????a µ???st?? d?af???p???s?? ?
  ?µ??????e?a?
• ?e??µat?????a ep?ßeßa??s?? ? ap???????
• ????t???? s?µa?t??? de??µat?????a
• ?e??µat?????a e?????a? ? s??p?µ?t?ta?
• ?e??µat?????a ?????st?ß?da?