Measuring Intelligence

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Measuring Intelligence

• Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
• mental age
• Terman
• intelligence quotient (IQ)
• IQMA/CA x 100
• Standardized Intelligence Tests
• Stanford-Binet
• Wechsler Tests

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Verbal Scale

• General Information
• Similarities
• Arithmetic Reasoning
• Vocabulary
• Comprehension
• Digit Span

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Performance Scale
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Normal Distribution of IQ
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Mental Retardation

• Significantly subaverage level of intellectual
  functioning which occurs with related limitations
  in two or more skill areas.
• Mild mental retardation
• Moderate mental retardation
• Severe/profound mental retardation

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Causes of Mental Retardation

• Organic retardation
• Cultural-familial retardation

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Intellectually Gifted

• Individuals characterized by higher than average
  intelligence (IQgt130). Usually also have some
  superior talent or skill.

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Intelligence in Infancy

• Developmental tests
• Gesell Developmental Schedules
• Bayley Scales of Infant Development - II
• poor predictors of later intelligence
• Habituation

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Intelligence in Childhood

• Considerable variability in IQ across childhood
• Cumulative-deficit hypothesis
• IQ stabilizes during adolescence

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Development of Mathematical Skills

• Newborns have rudimentary skills can
  distinguish between 2 and 3 object (habituation)
• Preschoolers learning to count
• Age 4 simple arithmetic counting strategies
• Strategy choice model children tend to choose
  the fastest approach that they can execute
  accurately

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DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC SKILLS Mathematics

• In first months after birth, infants can
  distinguish between small sets of objects
• Infants may enumerate small sets by subitizing
  perceptual process where people quickly and
  easily determine how many objects are in a small
  set without actually counting them.
• From age two, children begin to associate words
  used in language with number of objects
• Language differences affect learning to count and
  understanding place value, which affects
  development of other math skills

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DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC SKILLS Mathematics

• At about age four, children develop counting
  strategies
• In elementary school, children improve efficiency
  of strategies
• Gradually come to store basic math facts and
  simply retrieve from memory
• Strategy choice model may explain how memorized
  and retrieved

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DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC SKILLS Reading

• Chall (1983) proposed six developmental stages
  for reading
• Estimated that 25 of Americans are poor readers
  and 38 of fourth graders score below grade level
• Two factors that best predict success in early
  reading are familiarity with letters of the
  alphabet and phonemic awareness

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DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC SKILLSReading

• Good readers tend to read more, further enhancing
  reading skills and facilitating cognitive
  development
• Parent-child reading during preschool years has
  both direct and indirect effects

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DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC SKILLSWriting

• Reading and writing skills highly correlated
• Similar progressions developmentally
• Inventive spellings associated with later success
  in conventional spelling, word recognition,
  reading fluency
• Young writers engage in knowledge telling
• Older children spend more time on planning and
  revising