Electronics

1
Electronics Computer Organization

• Introductory Lecture

2
Coverage

• Basic Electronics Resistors, Capacitors,
  Inductors, Diodes and Transistors
• Digital Electronics Logic gates, Combinational
  Circuits, Sequential Circuits, Synchronous and
  Asynchronous Circuits
• SAP-1 Pedagogical Computer
• Contemporary Computer

3
Grading System

• Preliminary Exam (10)
• Midterm Exam (20)
• Prefinal Exam (10)
• Final Exam (20)
• Class Standing (40)

4
To get a Grade

• Submit project
• Complete at least 60 of lab work

5
Textbook

• Schultz, M. Grobs Basic Electronics, 10th
  edition. McGraw-Hill, 2007.
• Mano, M. Digital Design.
• Malvino, P. and Brown. Digital Computer
  Electronics.

6
Your Instructor

• Atty. Manuel O. Diaz Jr.
• BS Physics (1995), AdMU
• BS Computer Engineering (1996), AdMU
• M Info Tech (2000), CSU Australia
• http//sili.adnu.edu.ph/mdiaz
• [phone] local 2422

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Electronics Computer Organization

• Introduction to the Power of Ten

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Power of Ten

• A power of 10 is an exponent of the base 10 and
  can be either positive or negative
• 10x
• where 10 is the base and x is the exponent.

9
Power of Ten

• Positive powers of 10 are used to indicate
  numbers greater than 1.
• Negative powers of 10 are used to indicate
  numbers less than 1.

10
Power of Ten

• 109 1,000,000,000
• 108 100,000,000
• 107 10,000,000
• 106 1,000,000
• 105 100,000
• 104 10,000
• 103 1,000
• 102 100

• 101 10
• 100 1
• 10-1 0.1
• 10-2 0.01
• 10-3 0.001
• 10-4 0.0001
• 10-5 0.00001
• 10-6 0.000001

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Power of Ten

• 10-7 0.0000001
• 10-8 0.00000001
• 10-9 0.000000001

• 10-10 0.0000000001
• 10-11 0.00000000001
• 10-12 0.000000000001

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Scientific Notation

• Express the number as a number between 1 and 10
  times a power of ten.
• If the decimal point is moved to the left in the
  original number, make the power of 10 positive.
  If the decimal point is moved to the right in the
  original number, make the power of 10 negative.

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Scientific Notation

• The power of 10 always equals the number of
  places by which the decimal point has been
  shifted to the left or right in the original
  number.

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Examples

• 3900
• 0.0000056
• 235,000
• 364,000,000
• 0.000756
• 0.00000000000016
• 76,300,000

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Decimal Notation

• If the exponent or power of 10 is positive, move
  the decimal point to the right, the same number
  of places as the exponent.
• If the exponent or power of 10 is negative, move
  the decimal point to the left, the same number of
  places as the exponent.

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Examples

• 2.75 x 10-5
• 8.41 x 104
• 4.68 x 102
• 6.8 x 10-5
• 4.6 x 10-7
• 3.33 x 103
• 2.54 x 10-2

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Engineering Notation

• Another form of powers of 10.
• Similar to scientific notation except that it is
  always a multiple of 3.
• You know that a quantity is expressed in
  engineering notation when the original number is
  written as a number between 1 and 1000 times a
  power of 10 which is a multiple of 3.

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Engineering Notation

• Express the original number in scientific
  notation first. If the power of 10 is a multiple
  of 3, the number appears the same in both
  scientific and engineering notation.
• If the original number expressed in scientific
  notation does not use a power of 10 which is a
  multiple of 3, the power of 10 must either be
  increased or decreased until

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Engineering Notation

• it is a multiple of 3. The decimal point in the
  numerical part of the expression must be adjusted
  accordingly to compensate for the change in the
  power of 10.
• Each time the power of 10 is increased by 1, the
  decimal point in the numerical part of the
  expression must be moved one place to the left.
  Each time the power of 10 is

20
Engineering Notation

• decreased by 1, the decimal point in the
  numerical part of the expression must be moved
  one place to the right.

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Metric Prefixes
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Electrical Quantities
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Converting Between Metric Prefixes

• When converting from a larger metric prefix to a
  smaller one, increase the numerical part of the
  expression by the same factor by which the metric
  prefix has been decreased.
• When converting from a smaller metric prefix to a
  larger one, decrease the numerical part of the
  expression by the same factor by which the metric
  prefix has been increased.

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Example

• 1,000,000 O
• 0.015 V
• 250 W
• 0.050 V
• 18,000 O
• 0.000000000047 F
• 36,000,000 A

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More Examples

• Convert 25 mA to µA.
• Convert 2700 kO to MO.
• Convert 0.022 µF to nF.
• Convert 1410 kHz to MHz.
• Convert 6.25 mW to µW.
• Convert 47,000 pF to nF.
• Convert 2.2MO to kO.

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Addition Subtraction

• Express both terms in the same power of 10
• When both terms are in the same power of 10, just
  add or subtract the numerical parts of each term
  and multiply the sum or difference by the power
  of 10 common to both terms.
• Express the final answer in the desired form of
  powers of 10.

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Multiplication Division

• Multiply the numerical parts and powers of 10
  separately. When multiplying powers of 10, simply
  add the exponents to obtain the new power of 10.
• Divide the numerical parts and powers of 10
  separately. When dividing powers of 10, subtract
  the power of 10 in the denominator from the power
  of 10 in the numerator.

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Multiplication Division

• Express the final answer in the desired form of
  powers of 10 notation.

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Examples

• (3 x 106)(150 x 102)
• (5.0 x 107)/(2.0 x 104)
• (5.0 x 10-3) (4.0 x 10-4)
• (500 x 106)/(40 x 103)
• (3.3 x 10-2) (4.0 x 10-3)
• (2.7 x 102) (3 x 10-5)
• (7.5 x 108)/(3.0 x 104)

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Reciprocals of Powers of 10

• Taking the reciprocal of a power of 10 is really
  just a special case of division using powers of
  10 because 1 in the numerator can be written as
  100 since 1001.
• With 0 as the power of 10 in the numerator,
  taking the reciprocal results in a sign change
  for the power of 10 in the denominator.

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Squaring

• To square a number expressed in powers of 10
  notation, square the numerical part of the
  expression and double the power of 10.
• Express the answer in the desired form of powers
  of 10 notation.

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Square Root

• To find the square root of a number expressed in
  powers of 10 notation, take the square root of
  the numerical part of the expression and divide
  the power of 10 by 2.
• Express the answer in the desired form of powers
  of 10 notation.

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End of Lecture