Advances%20in%20Sensor%20Based%20Technologies

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Advances in Sensor Based Technologies in Mexico
and other Regions of the World
CIMMYT Oklahoma State University Stanford
University
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Consultative Group in International Agricultural
Research
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Percentage Nitrogen Recovery in Wheat in the
Yaqui Valley (average of 30 fields)
Recovery by the plant
Losses
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Losses to the environment
N2O
N2
NO
NH3
Urea

NH4
NO3-
Organic Matter
NH4
NO3-
N2O
N2
Nitrification
Denitrification
Matson et al. 1998 Science 280112-115
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Beman et al. 2005 Nature 434211-214
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Nitrate values from different wells in the Valle
del Yaqui
NO3
lt10 ppm (allowed) 10- 40 ppm 116 ppm
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Costs of Production Wheat Cycle 2007-2008 Costs of Production Wheat Cycle 2007-2008 Costs of Production Wheat Cycle 2007-2008
Soil preparation 1,012 10
Planting 765 8
Fertilization 2,891 29
Irrigation and Drainage 1,472 15
Pest control 2,174 22
Harvesting 1,107 11
Other 538 5
Total 10,082 100
Does not include interest Source AOASS 2007
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Costs of Production Wheat Cycle 2008-2009 Costs of Production Wheat Cycle 2008-2009 Costs of Production Wheat Cycle 2008-2009
Soil preparation 1,470 10
Planting 1,461 10
Fertilization 5,264 37
Irrigation and Drainage 1,795 13
Pest control 2,345 16
Harvesting 1,320 9
Other 720 5
Total 14,376 100
Does not include interests Source AOASS 2008
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Which is the optimum N rate?
Main problems associated with low efficiency
are Rate and Timing
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Soil residual nitrogen in Farmers Fields in the
Yaqui Valley Crop cycle 96-98
Available soil N
soil
Farmers Fields
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Sensor TechnologyGreenSeeker

• Diagnostic tool that allows you to identify
  the optimum N rate for each individual farmers
  field

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Technology Components

1. Establishment of an N rich strip
2. NDVI reading in the N rich strip and farmers
   field that will be diagnosed
3. Use of a crop algorithm to derive N
   recommendations

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1. Establishment of the N Rich Strip
Field no larger than 20 Has. So that there is
uniformity in soil texture, same previous crop,
same variety and same planting date. Pre-plant
fertilization is applied as allways with a rate
of 300 to 400 kg urea. In the center of the
field establish a nitrogen rich strip of about 10
meteres, this area should recieve a rate of N
that is not limiting. The N rich strips will
serve as a reference strip for when the
diagnostic take place.
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N Rich Strip
Apply pre-plant or at planting
20 has
10 meters
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2. NDVI reading in the N rich strip and the
farmers field that will be diagnosed
Measurement As close as possible to the first
post plant irrigation but 40 days after
planting.
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3. Use of the Crop Algorithm to derive a N
recommendation
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Algorithm
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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN SONORA
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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN SONORA

• CIMMYT
• Oklahoma State University
• AOASS
• PIEAES
• FUNDACION PRODUCE SONORA / COFUPRO
• FIRA
• SAGARPA
• CONACYT
• Farmers cooperatives
• NTech

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TECHNICAL TEAM
COOPERATIVE AOASS TECHNICIANS Ing. Arturo Muñoz Cañez (coordinator)
UCAC Ing. Emilio Acosta M. Ing. Julio Galaz Gil
UCAY Ing. Ramón Gil Cota.
UCAH Ing. Julio C. Espinoza.
AAVYAC Ing. Carlos Remy M.
UCAYVISA Ing. Raúl Salinas G.
USPRUSS Ing. Carlos Rodríguez P Ing. Manuel Ferra M. Ing. Carlos Quiñones.
UCAMAYO Ing. Manuel H. Alcántar
APRONSA Ing. Ignacio Miranda I.
CIMMYT Dr. Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio Ing. Maria Elena
Cardenas Ing. Dolores Vazquez
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Training CourseOct, Nov, Jan, 2007
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• RESULTS
• 2006-2007

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Urea or NH3 180 kg N /ha Pre-plant
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NH3 70 kg N /ha First post-plant
irrigation 45-55 days after planting
Total 250 kgN/ha
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Potential to Save more Nitrogen
Readings with the sensor were taken 40 to 55 days
after planting
Table 1.- Results from the readings and
recommendations before the first post-plant
irrigation
FIELDS RECOMMENDATION
66 NO NITROGEN APPLICATION
12 Apply 10-30 Units of Nitrógen
12 Apply 35-50 Units of Nitrogen
4.4 Apply 60-70 Units of Nitrogen
2.6 Apply 80-100 Units of Nitrogen
3 Out of the program
Only farmers that were going to receive a price
premium for protein applied 30 units of N with
the second post plant irrigation.
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N Rich Strip
Farmer Management
Sensor Management
37 fields
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N Rich Strip
Sensor Management
Sensor Management
49 fields
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Wheat and Nitrogen Price

• Wheat 2,200 peso/ton (about 220 dollars/ton)
• October 27, 2005 Tepeyac
• Urea 4137 pesos/ton 9.00 pesos/kg (90 cents)
• NH3 7050 pesos/ton 8.60 pesos/kg (86 cents)

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GREENSEEKER SENSOR PROGRAM 2006-2007
EVALUATIONS
86 FIELDS harvested and evaluated
92 Reliable
49 FIELDS N Management N rich strip vs. Sensor
37 FIELDS N management Conventional vs. Sensor
34 FIELDS (92) average aditional income 57/ha,
with the GreenSeeker Sensor
90 sensor management earned 77/ha more than the
N rich strip
4 FIELDS in favor of The N rich strip.
3 FIELDS (8) in favor of the farmers management
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Wheat Yield Sensor vs Conventional
37 farmers
57 dollars/ha
farmer
Wheat yield (kg/ha)
Difference 63 kgN/ha
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Wheat Yield Sensor vs N Rich Strip
49 fields
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77 dollars/ha
Wheat yield (kg/ha)
Difference 86 kgN/ha
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• RESULTS
• 2007-2008

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2007-2008
99 USD Increased income
Average Yield
Wheat Yield (kg/ha)
N rich
Area Sensor 1
Area Sensor 2
278 kgN/ha
191 kgN/ha
171 kgN/ha
Fertilizer Rate
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Technology Transfer in the Yaqui Valley
GreenSeeker Program
Years Year Fields Hectares Increase in Income /ha (USD)
1 2002-2003 7 7 62
2 2003-2004 8 8 62
3 2004-2005 5 40 90
4 2005-2006 7 140 57
5 2006-2007 179 3500 67
6 2007-2008 130 2811 99
7 2008-2009 400 8000
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CONCLUSSIONS

• The GreenSeeker sensor is a very reliable
  nitrogen diagnostic tool, which allows farmers to
  have higher income and minimizes environmental
  impact.

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NATIONAL SENSOR PROGRAM
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NATIONAL SENSOR PROGRAM
CALIBRATION
1st y 2nd
VALIDATION
3rd
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
4rd
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CALIBRATION
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Algorithm
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Area with farmer basal N application and
diagnosed with the sensor
VALIDATION
N Rich Strip
N rate experiment
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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
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Multi-SensorRT-200
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Jorge Orozco Parra Field B. 1110 Lotes 26-27
NDVI
45 kgN/ha
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GreenSeeker in Maize
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Conventional Tillage
Phenology
Phenology
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No-Till
Phenology
Phenology
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Other Locations

• India
• China
• Pakistan
• Turkey
• Uzbekistan
• Zimbabwe

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Thank You
Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio i.monasterio_at_cgiar.org 644
414 1940
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Wheat Yield Two sensor areas
Wheat yield (kg/ha)