Divisions of Seed Plants

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Divisions of Seed Plants
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Div GnetophytaThe Gnetophytes

• From Triassic Period 200 mya.
• Genera Ephedra
• Genera Gnetum
• Genera Welwitschia

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Div GnetophytaThe Gnetophytes

• 1. Are gymnosperms.
• 2. Have vessels as well as tracheids.
• 3. Interval between pollination and fertilization
  is short.
• 4. Mostly dioecious.
• 5. Embryogeny has a more limited free nuclear
  period.
• 6. Pollen chamber extends to female gametophyte -
  short pollen tube rapid fertilization.

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• 1. Resembles whisk ferns.
• 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new
  branches.
• 3. Leaves appressed against stem.

• 24-3

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• 1. Resembles whisk ferns.
• 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new
  branches.
• 3. Leaves appressed against stem.
• Ephedrine
• Chinese 2737 B.C.

• 24-3

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Div GnetophytaOrder Ephedrales Genus Ephedra
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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• 1. Resembles whisk ferns.
• 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new
  branches.
• 3. Leaves appressed against stem.
• 4. Compound megastrobili and simple microstrobili.

• 24-6 C, D, E

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• 1. Resembles whisk ferns.
• 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new
  branches.
• 3. Leaves appressed against stem.
• 4. Compound megastrobili and simple
  microstrobili.

• 24-6 C, D, E

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• 1. Resembles whisk ferns.
• 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new
  branches.
• 3. Leaves appressed against stem.
• 4. Compound megastrobili and simple
  microstrobili.

• 24-6 C, D, E

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• Microsporophylls on Bractioles

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra
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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• Young ovule

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• Mature ovule
• 24-12

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Geneus Ephedra

• Embryonic Development

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Div GnetophytaOrder Gnetales Genus Gnetum

• 24-19 plt

• Microsporanium and ovules
• 24-20
• nodal collar

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Div GnetophytaOrder Welwitschiales
GenusWelwitschia

• 1. Long underground stems.
• 2. Straplike leaves - basal meristem.
• (intercalary growth)

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Div GnetophytaOrder Welwitschiales
GenusWelwitschia

• 24-23 cones
• 24-22C

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms arose during Jurassic
Period 140 mya
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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• 1. Double fertilization
• 2. Produces triploid endosperm (3n)

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• 1. Double fertilization
• 2. Produces triploid endosperm
• Female sac (megagametophyte) has 8 nuclei
• antipodals (3)
• polar (2)
• synergids (2), egg (n)
• Fertilization
• sperm nuclei (n) synergid (n) --gt embryo (2n)
• sperm nuclei (n ) 2 polar nuclei (n, n) --gt
  Endosperm (3n)

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• 1. Double fertilization
• 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm
• 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• 1. Double fertilization
• 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm
• 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel.

• Evolution of carpel and stamen

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• 1. Double fertilization
• 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm
• 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel
• 4. Have flowers

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• Flower structure
• gynecium
• Androecium
• petals
• sepals
• receptacle
• complete
• perfect
• monoecious
• dioecious

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms
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Pollination in Angiosperms
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Ovary Position in Angiosperms

• Orthotropous
  Amphitropous
• Anatropous
  Campylotropous

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Compound OvaryX-section of a Lillium Ovary

• Placentation
• Axile
• Parietal
• Free Central

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• Primitive Flower Structure
• Have many parts spirally arranged.
• Magnoliaceae --gt

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms
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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• Advanced Flower
• A smaller and definite number of flower parts
  arranged alternate, opposite or whorled.
• Orchidaceae --gt

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Angiosperm Life Cycle
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Fertilization in Angiosperms
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Evolutionary Adaptations for pollination in
Angiosperms

• Pollinators and plants have evolved together.
• Bird pollinated flowers are red bee pollinated,
  blue.
• Nectar guides - in ultraviolet.
• Long stamen - positioned to brush against
  pollinator.
• Sunken ovary - inferior.
• Lack of petals and stamen.
• Flowers only open at night.

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Ovary Position
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Inflorescences -arrangement of flowers on the
flowering stem

• solitary

• Spike
• raceme
• cyme
• umbel

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Inflorescences -arrangement of flowers on the
flowering stem

• compound umbel
• head
• -------------------
• panicle

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Inflorescences -arrangement of flowers on the
flowering stem

• Head

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• 1. Double fertilization
• 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm
• 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel
• 4. Have flowers
• 5. Produce fruit

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Fruit (Pericarp)- ripened ovary.

• Pericarp layers
• Exocarp
• Mesocarp
• Endocarp

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Fruit - ripened (matured) ovary.

• Dry Indehiscent
• achene -
• one-seeded with close fitting pericarp
  (sunflower)
• Samara (Shizocarp) -
• Like achene but with wing(s)
• (ash, maple)
• Caryopsis -
• One-seeded pericarp fused to seed (corn)
• Nut -
• More than one carpel hard, woody pericarp
  (acorn)

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Fruit - ripened ovary.

• Dry Dehiscent
• Legume
• Pod opening on two sides
• Follicle
• Pod opening on one side
• Capsule
• Opens in a variety of ways

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Fruit - ripened (matured) ovary.
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Fruit - ripened ovary.

• Fleshy
• Berry
• Soft fleshy meso and endocarp (grape)
• Drupe
• Mesocarp fleshy endocarp hard and stoney (peach)
• Hesperidium
• Berry withhard leathery rindmore than one locule
  (citrus fruits)
• Pepo
• Like hesperidium but one locule (squash)

• Pome
• fleshy part develops from pericarp and receptacle
  (apple)
• Hip
• achenes in a cup-like receptacle

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Fruit - ripened (matured) ovary.
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Fruit - ripened ovary.

• Aggregate
• Formed from more than one carpel of a single
  flower
• (rapsberry)
• Multiple
• Formed from more than oner flower

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Div Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The Flowering
Plants, Angiosperms

• 1. Double fertilization
• 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm
• 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel
• 4. Have flowers
• 5. Produce fruit
• 6. Xylem contains vessel elements and fibers.
• 7. Phloem contains companion cells

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ClassMagnoliopsida (dicots) vs.
Class Liliopsida (monocots)
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ClassMagnoliopsida (dicots) vs.
Class Liliopsida (monocots)
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Pits and Plasmodesmata
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Tracheids to Vessels
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Sieve Tubes and Companion Cells
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Apical Metistems and Lateral Meristems(Primary
and Secondary Growth)
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Eudicot Pattern of Primary Tissues
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Angiosperm Life Cycles

• Annual
• Biennial
• Perennial

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Stem Comparisons

• Eudicot
• 
  Monocot

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Older Eudicot Stem
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Root Morphology
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Taproot vs. Fibrous Root Systems
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Root Development (Tip)
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Root Development
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Root Development
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Root Development
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Leaf Morphology
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Leaf Morphology and Adaptation
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Leaf Morphology and Adaptation
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Early Development of a Eudicot
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Angiosperm Seeds
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Monocot vs. Dicot Seeds
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Seed Dormancy and Germination
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Seed Dormancy and Germination
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Seed Germination

• 
  

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Vegetative Reproductionnew plant from a
vegetative structure

• Stolons - runners
• Rhizomes -
• Corms -
• Tubers -
• bulbs -
• Tip Layering -
• suckers -

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Origin of Angiosperms

• Amborella

• carpels
• double fertilization
• seeds in fruits
• tracheids but no vessels

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Origin of Angiosperms