BMED4800ECSE4800 Introduction to Subsurface Imaging Systems

1
BMED-4800/ECSE-4800Introduction to Subsurface
Imaging Systems

• Welcome and Introduction
• Kai E. Thomenius1 Badri Roysam2
• 1Chief Technologist, Imaging Technologies,
• General Electric Global Research Center
• 2Professor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Center for Sub-Surface Imaging Sensing
2
Basic Class Data

• BMED-4800-01 ECSE-4800-01
• 3 credits
• Instructors
• Dr. Kai Thomenius
• Dr. Badri Roysam
• Tuesdays Fridays 400 520
• Classroom JEC 4107

3
What this course is about

• You can expect to learn the basic methods for
  imaging objects that are hidden under a surface
  in the context of real-world medical
  applications.
• Along the way, well also learn about exciting
  applications requiring subsurface
  sensing/imaging
• Medical Imaging Systems
• Bio imaging, biology, biotechnology.

4
How can we look under surfaces?
Objects that emit
Reflecting/scattering Objects
Absorbing Objects
We exploit some physical property of the object
that differs significantly from the surrounding
media to sense its presence/absence, or to build
a spatial map (image) of the object. This
difference is known as contrast, and is
fundamental to subsurface imaging
5
What subsurface problems are we talking about?

• Imaging
• MR/CT/Ultrasound/Optical
• Sensing
• Decision making based on acquired data
• Characterization
• Tissue elasticity
• Spatial positioning/ alignment/mapping
• Procedure guidance (e.g. biopsy, mine location)

6
Motivation for Medical Imaging
7
Healthcare Trends Drive Imaging Growth
8
Imaging Becoming Deeper Broader

• Broader
• Portable Ultrasound
• Acoustic Ablation MR
• Non Invasive Angiography
• Non Invasive Colonography

• Deeper
• Smaller Anatomic Detection
• Cellular Imaging (Receptors)
• Molecular Imaging (Protein Activity)

Change Drivers

• Computational Speed Power
• Miniaturization Software
• Biochemistry Signal Processing

9
Cancer Death Rates, All Sites Combined, All
Races, US, 1975-2003
Rate Per 100,000
Men
Both Sexes
Women
Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard
population. Source Surveillance, Epidemiology,
and End Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.go
v) SEERStat Database Mortality - All COD,
Public-Use With State, Total U.S. (1969-2003),
National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance
Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch,
released April 2006. Underlying mortality data
provided by NCHS (www.cdc.gov/nchs).
10
Tobacco Use in the US, 1900-2003
Per capita cigarette consumption
Male lung cancer death rate
Female lung cancer death rate
Age-adjusted to 2000 US standard population.


Source Death rates US Mortality Public Use
Tapes, 1960-2003, US Mortality Volumes,
1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005.
Cigarette consumption US Department of
Agriculture, 1900-2003.
11
Examples of Medical Imaging
7T MRI Image
3D/4D Fetal Imaging
CT Small Animal Imaging
Coronary Artery Visualization w. MRI
Ulcerated Plaque
Heart w. CT
12
Examples of Sensing
US/Mammography Fusion
Luggage Inspection
13
Example of Positioning (Registration)
Treatment Plan
Ultrasound Applicator
Ablated Tissue
Temperature Map
Example from Non-invasive, Non-incisional Surgery
14
Determination of Features of Target under Study
Tissue Elastic Properties
Interaction between the probe and target provides
the information
Terahertz Scattering Homeland Security
15

Types of Probes
For the purpose of this course, the term Probes
describes the means (e.g. radiation) used to
acquire imaging sensing data.
X-Ray
Electrical
Optical
Acoustic
Particle Beams
CW
Pulsed
Modulated
Multi-Spectral
Partially Coherent
Incoherent
Coherent
Quantum
Classical
Outside
Inside
Auxiliary
16

How Probes Interact with Media
To image/sense a subsurface object, there has to
be something there, such as a variation in
propagation characteristics of the medium.
Single Scattering
Turbulent Medium
Weak Scattering
Multiple Scattering
Multiple Scattering
Diffraction
Reflection
Diffusion
Propagation/diffraction
Scattering
17
When can we see the subsurface object?
Surface 1

• Probe should reach the object
• Enough signal should reach the detector
• The detected signal should be affected by the
  object differently compared to the medium!

18
Physical Properties and Probes

• Some properties can be inferred from the physical
  properties
• Density, pressure, temperature
• Youngs modulus of elasticity, bulk modulus and
  fluid elasticity, viscosity
• Humidity, moisture content, porosity, pH number,
  thermal resistivity
• Molecular concentration, ion concentration,
  chemical composition
• Biological and physiological properties such as
  blood flow, tissue oxygenation, concentration
• of hemoglobin, metabolic rates, membrane
  integrity
• Concentration of extrinsic markers such as dyes,
  chemical tags, chromophores and fluorphores,
• and fluorescence protein markers
• Gene expression, cellular differentiation,
  morphogenesis

19
Example
Example X-rays go readily through tissue, but
are attenuated by bones
Medium
Object
Probe
X-ray
Absorption
Absorption
Dispersion
Scattering
20
Sometimes, it helps to inject a contrast agent!
Chronic Observation Window
Injected fluorescent dye
Tumor Blood Vessels
21
Types of Imaging in our Examples
MRI Magnetic
Ultrasound Acoustic
Electromagnetic X-Ray
Coronary Artery Visualization w. MRI
Cadaver Heart w. CT
Ulcerated Plaque
22
Common Characteristic to Probes Wave Physics
Sub-cellular Biology
Tissues Organs
Optics
100nm- 10 mm
Ultrasound
100 mm - 10 cm
UndergroundDiagnosis
UnderwaterExploration
Sonar
Radar
1 cm - 100 m
10 cm - 1 km
23
Outline of Course Topics

• THE BIG PICTURE
• What is subsurface sensing imaging?
• Why a course on this topic?
• EXAMPLE THROUGH TRANSMISSION SENSING
• X-Ray Imaging
• Computer Tomography
• COMMON FUNDAMENTALS
• propagation of waves
• interaction of waves with targets of interest 

• PULSE ECHO METHODS
• Examples
• OPTICAL IMAGING
• MRI
• A different sensing modality from the others
• Basics of MRI
• MOLECULAR IMAGING
• What is it?
• PET Radionuclide Imaging
• IMAGE PROCESSING

24
What We Expect From Students

• Pre-requisites
• ECSE-2100 (Fields Waves I)
• ECSE-2410 (Signals and Systems)
• Willingness to learn some Biology, Medical Terms,
  Physics, Math, Computing
• Prior exposure to computers, Internet, and basics
  of programming
• Course content reasonably flexible
• Expectations, assignments, etc. proportional to
  prior background
• Choice of topics and coverage to meet student
  interests

25
Grading

• Assignments 30
• To be handed in within one week
• 3 Quizzes 30
• Project 40, teams up to 2 ok.
• In-depth review of a specific course topic, e.g.
  processing of raw data sets
• Topic subject to instructor approval
• All students should show independent homework and
  projects.
• Generous reward for effort, evidence should be
  shown

26
Study Materials

• Lecture notes
• Other class handouts
• Selected internet sites
• MATLAB
• We have campus license.
• All MATLAB documentation is on the Mathworks
  website (www.mathworks.com )
• Well need you to download run MATLAB code from
  chosen websites

27
Summary

• Subsurface imaging Course Focus
• Many applications to Biology, Medicine
• Probes, media, and probe-media interactions
• Methods by which we examine contents of hidden
  volumes
• Wave theory the common thread
• Common to electromagnetic and acoustic probing
• Next Class
• Overview, Projection Imaging

28
CenSSIS Major Research Center on Campus

• Mission
• Create a unified engineering discipline for
  sensing and imaging objects that are hidden under
  surfaces
• Diverse Problems, Similar Solutions
• Benefits
• Learn from similarities
• Its all the same physics
• Learn from differences
• Why is an X-ray beam different from ultrasound?
• Learn from experience with other probes.

• www.ecse.rpi.edu/censsis

29
GE Major Imaging Company

• GE Global Research, Niskayuna
• Advanced Research for all of GE
• Founded in 1900 (in a barn in Schenectady by
  Steinmetz)
• Imaging Products Services
• GE Medical Systems
• CT, Functional Imaging, MRI, Ultrasound, X-Ray
• Support PACS, Workstations
• GE URLs
• www.ge.com
• www.gehealthcare.com

30
Instructor Contact Information

• Badri Roysam
• Professor of Electrical, Computer, Systems
  Engineering
• Office JEC 7010
• Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
• 110, 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180
• Phone [phone]
• Fax [phone]
• Email roysam_at_ecse.rpi.edu
• Website http//www.ecse.rpi.edu/roysabm
• Secretary Laraine Michaelides, JEC 7012, (518)
  276 8525, michal_at_rpi.edu

31
Instructor Contact Information

• Kai E Thomenius
• Chief Technologist, Ultrasound Biomedical
• Office KW-C300A
• GE Global Research
• Imaging Technologies
• Niskayuna, New York 12309
• Phone [phone]
• Fax [phone]
• Email thomeniu_at_crd.ge.com, thomenius_at_ecse.rpi.edu
  
• Secretary Laraine Michaelides, JEC 7012, (518)
  276 8525, michal_at_rpi.edu