BMED4800ECSE4800 Introduction to Subsurface Imaging Systems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: BMED4800ECSE4800 Introduction to Subsurface Imaging Systems


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BMED-4800/ECSE-4800Introduction to Subsurface
Imaging Systems

• Welcome and Introduction
• Kai E. Thomenius1 Badri Roysam2
• 1Chief Technologist, Imaging Technologies,
• General Electric Global Research Center
• 2Professor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Center for Sub-Surface Imaging Sensing
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Basic Class Data

• BMED-4800-01 ECSE-4800-01
• 3 credits
• Instructors
• Dr. Kai Thomenius
• Dr. Badri Roysam
• Tuesdays Fridays 400 520
• Classroom JEC 4107

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What this course is about

• You can expect to learn the basic methods for
  imaging objects that are hidden under a surface
  in the context of real-world medical
  applications.
• Along the way, well also learn about exciting
  applications requiring subsurface
  sensing/imaging
• Medical Imaging Systems
• Bio imaging, biology, biotechnology.

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How can we look under surfaces?
Objects that emit
Reflecting/scattering Objects
Absorbing Objects
We exploit some physical property of the object
that differs significantly from the surrounding
media to sense its presence/absence, or to build
a spatial map (image) of the object. This
difference is known as contrast, and is
fundamental to subsurface imaging
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What subsurface problems are we talking about?

• Imaging
• MR/CT/Ultrasound/Optical
• Sensing
• Decision making based on acquired data
• Characterization
• Tissue elasticity
• Spatial positioning/ alignment/mapping
• Procedure guidance (e.g. biopsy, mine location)

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Motivation for Medical Imaging
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Healthcare Trends Drive Imaging Growth
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Imaging Becoming Deeper Broader

• Broader
• Portable Ultrasound
• Acoustic Ablation MR
• Non Invasive Angiography
• Non Invasive Colonography

• Deeper
• Smaller Anatomic Detection
• Cellular Imaging (Receptors)
• Molecular Imaging (Protein Activity)

Change Drivers

• Computational Speed Power
• Miniaturization Software
• Biochemistry Signal Processing

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Cancer Death Rates, All Sites Combined, All
Races, US, 1975-2003
Rate Per 100,000
Men
Both Sexes
Women
Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard
population. Source Surveillance, Epidemiology,
and End Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.go
v) SEERStat Database Mortality - All COD,
Public-Use With State, Total U.S. (1969-2003),
National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance
Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch,
released April 2006. Underlying mortality data
provided by NCHS (www.cdc.gov/nchs).
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Tobacco Use in the US, 1900-2003
Per capita cigarette consumption
Male lung cancer death rate
Female lung cancer death rate
Age-adjusted to 2000 US standard population.


Source Death rates US Mortality Public Use
Tapes, 1960-2003, US Mortality Volumes,
1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005.
Cigarette consumption US Department of
Agriculture, 1900-2003.
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Examples of Medical Imaging
7T MRI Image
3D/4D Fetal Imaging
CT Small Animal Imaging
Coronary Artery Visualization w. MRI
Ulcerated Plaque
Heart w. CT
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Examples of Sensing
US/Mammography Fusion
Luggage Inspection
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Example of Positioning (Registration)
Treatment Plan
Ultrasound Applicator
Ablated Tissue
Temperature Map
Example from Non-invasive, Non-incisional Surgery
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Determination of Features of Target under Study
Tissue Elastic Properties
Interaction between the probe and target provides
the information
Terahertz Scattering Homeland Security
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Types of Probes
For the purpose of this course, the term Probes
describes the means (e.g. radiation) used to
acquire imaging sensing data.
X-Ray
Electrical
Optical
Acoustic
Particle Beams
CW
Pulsed
Modulated
Multi-Spectral
Partially Coherent
Incoherent
Coherent
Quantum
Classical
Outside
Inside
Auxiliary
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How Probes Interact with Media
To image/sense a subsurface object, there has to
be something there, such as a variation in
propagation characteristics of the medium.
Single Scattering
Turbulent Medium
Weak Scattering
Multiple Scattering
Multiple Scattering
Diffraction
Reflection
Diffusion
Propagation/diffraction
Scattering
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When can we see the subsurface object?
Surface 1

• Probe should reach the object
• Enough signal should reach the detector
• The detected signal should be affected by the
  object differently compared to the medium!

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Physical Properties and Probes

• Some properties can be inferred from the physical
  properties
• Density, pressure, temperature
• Youngs modulus of elasticity, bulk modulus and
  fluid elasticity, viscosity
• Humidity, moisture content, porosity, pH number,
  thermal resistivity
• Molecular concentration, ion concentration,
  chemical composition
• Biological and physiological properties such as
  blood flow, tissue oxygenation, concentration
• of hemoglobin, metabolic rates, membrane
  integrity
• Concentration of extrinsic markers such as dyes,
  chemical tags, chromophores and fluorphores,
• and fluorescence protein markers
• Gene expression, cellular differentiation,
  morphogenesis

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Example
Example X-rays go readily through tissue, but
are attenuated by bones
Medium
Object
Probe
X-ray
Absorption
Absorption
Dispersion
Scattering
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Sometimes, it helps to inject a contrast agent!
Chronic Observation Window
Injected fluorescent dye
Tumor Blood Vessels
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Types of Imaging in our Examples
MRI Magnetic
Ultrasound Acoustic
Electromagnetic X-Ray
Coronary Artery Visualization w. MRI
Cadaver Heart w. CT
Ulcerated Plaque
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Common Characteristic to Probes Wave Physics
Sub-cellular Biology
Tissues Organs
Optics
100nm- 10 mm
Ultrasound
100 mm - 10 cm
UndergroundDiagnosis
UnderwaterExploration
Sonar
Radar
1 cm - 100 m
10 cm - 1 km
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Outline of Course Topics

• THE BIG PICTURE
• What is subsurface sensing imaging?
• Why a course on this topic?
• EXAMPLE THROUGH TRANSMISSION SENSING
• X-Ray Imaging
• Computer Tomography
• COMMON FUNDAMENTALS
• propagation of waves
• interaction of waves with targets of interest 

• PULSE ECHO METHODS
• Examples
• OPTICAL IMAGING
• MRI
• A different sensing modality from the others
• Basics of MRI
• MOLECULAR IMAGING
• What is it?
• PET Radionuclide Imaging
• IMAGE PROCESSING

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What We Expect From Students

• Pre-requisites
• ECSE-2100 (Fields Waves I)
• ECSE-2410 (Signals and Systems)
• Willingness to learn some Biology, Medical Terms,
  Physics, Math, Computing
• Prior exposure to computers, Internet, and basics
  of programming
• Course content reasonably flexible
• Expectations, assignments, etc. proportional to
  prior background
• Choice of topics and coverage to meet student
  interests

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Grading

• Assignments 30
• To be handed in within one week
• 3 Quizzes 30
• Project 40, teams up to 2 ok.
• In-depth review of a specific course topic, e.g.
  processing of raw data sets
• Topic subject to instructor approval
• All students should show independent homework and
  projects.
• Generous reward for effort, evidence should be
  shown

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Study Materials

• Lecture notes
• Other class handouts
• Selected internet sites
• MATLAB
• We have campus license.
• All MATLAB documentation is on the Mathworks
  website (www.mathworks.com )
• Well need you to download run MATLAB code from
  chosen websites

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Summary

• Subsurface imaging Course Focus
• Many applications to Biology, Medicine
• Probes, media, and probe-media interactions
• Methods by which we examine contents of hidden
  volumes
• Wave theory the common thread
• Common to electromagnetic and acoustic probing
• Next Class
• Overview, Projection Imaging

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CenSSIS Major Research Center on Campus

• Mission
• Create a unified engineering discipline for
  sensing and imaging objects that are hidden under
  surfaces
• Diverse Problems, Similar Solutions
• Benefits
• Learn from similarities
• Its all the same physics
• Learn from differences
• Why is an X-ray beam different from ultrasound?
• Learn from experience with other probes.

• www.ecse.rpi.edu/censsis

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GE Major Imaging Company

• GE Global Research, Niskayuna
• Advanced Research for all of GE
• Founded in 1900 (in a barn in Schenectady by
  Steinmetz)
• Imaging Products Services
• GE Medical Systems
• CT, Functional Imaging, MRI, Ultrasound, X-Ray
• Support PACS, Workstations
• GE URLs
• www.ge.com
• www.gehealthcare.com

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Instructor Contact Information

• Badri Roysam
• Professor of Electrical, Computer, Systems
  Engineering
• Office JEC 7010
• Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
• 110, 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180
• Phone (518) 276-8067
• Fax (518) 276-6261/2433
• Email roysam_at_ecse.rpi.edu
• Website http//www.ecse.rpi.edu/roysabm
• Secretary Laraine Michaelides, JEC 7012, (518)
  276 8525, michal_at_rpi.edu

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Instructor Contact Information

• Kai E Thomenius
• Chief Technologist, Ultrasound Biomedical
• Office KW-C300A
• GE Global Research
• Imaging Technologies
• Niskayuna, New York 12309
• Phone (518) 387-7233
• Fax (518) 387-6170
• Email thomeniu_at_crd.ge.com, thomenius_at_ecse.rpi.edu
  
• Secretary Laraine Michaelides, JEC 7012, (518)
  276 8525, michal_at_rpi.edu