LosslessNearlossless Compression of Still and Moving Images

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Lossless/Near-lossless Compression of Still and
Moving Images
Xiaolin Wu Polytechnic University Brooklyn, NY

• Part 3. Context modeling

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Context model estimated symbol probability

• Variable length coding schemes need estimates of
  probability of each symbol - model
• Model can be
• Static - Fixed global model for all inputs
• English text
• Semi-adaptive - Computed for specific data being
  coded and transmitted as side information
• C programs
• Adaptive - Constructed on the fly
• Any source!

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Adaptive vs. Semi-adaptive

• Advantages of semi-adaptive
• Simple decoder
• Disadvantages of semi-adaptive
• Overhead of specifying model can be high
• Two-passes of data required
• Advantages of adaptive
• one-pass ? universal ? As good if not better
• Disadvantages of adaptive
• Decoder as complex as encoder
• Errors propagate

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Adaptation with Arithmetic and Huffman Coding

• Huffman Coding - Manipulate Huffman tree on the
  fly - Efficient algorithms known but nevertheless
  they remain complex.
• Arithmetic Coding - Update cumulative probability
  distribution table. Efficient data structure /
  algorithm known. Rest essentially same.
• Main advantage of arithmetic over Huffman is the
  ease by which the former can be used in
  conjunction with adaptive modeling techniques.

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Context models

• If source is not iid then there is complex
  dependence between symbols in the sequence
• In most practical situations, pdf of symbol
  depends on neighboring symbol values - i.e.
  context.
• Hence we condition encoding of current symbol to
  its context.
• How to select contexts? - Rigorous answer beyond
  our scope.
• Practical schemes use a fixed neighborhood.

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Context dilution problem

• The minimum code length of sequence
• achievable by arithmetic coding, if
• is known.
• The difficulty of estimating
  due to insufficient sample statistics prevents
  the use of high-order Markov models.

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Estimating probabilities different contexts

• Two approaches
• Maintain symbol occurrence counts within each
  context
• number of contexts needs to be modest to avoid
  context dilution
• Assume pdf shape within each context same (e.g.
  Laplacian), only parameters (e.g. mean and
  variance) different
• Estimation may not be as accurate but much larger
  number of contexts can be used

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Decorrelation techniques to exploit sample
smoothness

• Transforms
• DCT, FFT
• wavelets
• Differential Pulse Coding Modulation (DPCM)
• predict current symbol with past observations
• code prediction residual rather than the symbol

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Benefits of prediction and transform

• A priori knowledge exploited to reduce the
  self-entropy of the source symbols
• Higher coding efficiency due to
• Fewer parameters to be estimated adaptively
• Faster convergence of adaptation

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Further Reading

• Text Compression - T.Bell, J. Cleary and I.
  Witten. Prentice Hall. Good coverage on
  statistical context modeling. Focus on text
  though.
• Articles in IEEE Transactions on Information
  Theory by Rissanen and Langdon
• Digital Coding of Waveforms Principles and
  Applications to Speech and Video. Jayant and
  Noll. Good coverage on Predictive coding.