Solar System

1
Solar System Geology

• Chapter 13-15

2
Good Book Questions

• Concepts
• 9.2, 9.10, 10.1, 10.8, 10.10, 11.1, 11.4, 11.9,
  12.2, 12.4, 12.9
• Thought
• 9.1, 9.8, 10.2, 10.6, 10.8, 11.2, 11.5, 11.11,
  12.3, 12.8, 12.12

3
Hubble Law

• Star distances by parallax
• Position of stars in our galaxy
• 30-100 light years only

4
Hubble Law

• Structure of Milky Way (spiral)
• Hubble measured distance to various galaxies and
  compared to red shift
• 120,000 LY across
• 1-2 MLY to Andromeda

5
Milky Way Statistics

• 120,000 light years across
• 200 billion stars
• 10-200 billion galaxies

6
Hubble Law Distances

• Inverse square law for light
• Type IA Supernovae
• Simple rise and fall light decay curve
• Cepheid Variables
• Variable intensity stars (very bright)
• Out to 20 MLY
• Quasars, Nebulae, H II Regions (130 MLY)

7
Hubble Law

• Distance and Velocity of distant galaxies

8
Comments on Copernicus

• Proposed sun centered solar system instead of
  earth centered
• Explained the star/planet motion easier

9
Retrograde Motion

• Two models
• Copernican model better

10
Outer Planets and Comets

• Jovian planets
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Many moons and rings
• Pluto and Beyond
• Oort cloud produces comets
• Periodically orbits disturbed and changed

11
What links the following?

• Volcanoes
• Earthquakes
• Tidal Waves
• Global magnetism

12
Restless Earth

• Nuclear decay inside our planet
• Uranium probably largest source, but not only
  source of interior heating
• Earth is like an onion.it has layers
• Core (two parts)
• Mantle (two parts)
• Crust
• Atmosphere

13
Plate Tectonics

• Why does wood float on water?
• Same mechanism allows plates to float on the
  mantle!

14
Distribution of Plates

• Oceanic and Continental Plates

15
Boundaries Between Plates

• Subduction

16
Boundaries Between Plates

• Oceanic Ridges
• Volcanic activity
• Divergent

17
Sliding Boundaries

• San Andreas Fault (earthquakes)

18
Earthquake Outcomes

• Waves of Destruction (not unlike oceans)

19
Hot Spots

• Formation of Hawaiian Islands

20
How Can We SEE Inside?

• Use Earthquakes!
• Waves bend as they change media!

21
Temperature Inside the Earth

• Very hot
• Very high pressure

22
Magnetic Field of the Earth

• Inner core acts as solid magnet
• Molten outer core current loops

23
Other Planets?

• Moon, Mars, Venus all too small and cooled off
  too quickly
• Volcanoes do exist on Mars
• No recycling of surface (craters survive)
• Gas giants different composition (mostly H2) and
  have very different geological activity

24
Canadian Diamonds

• Kimberlite, Peridotite, Garnet

25
Rock Cycle

• Total mineral oxide mass not changing in quantity
  but only in distribution
• Subduction and Volcanism
• Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic
• Devils Tower
• Mount Fuji

26
Layers and Time

• Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Bottoms of rivers, lakes, oceans
• Layers correspond to events
• Limestone layers common in KY

27
Igneous Rocks

• Granite, Basalt
• Mantle extrusion (or intrusion)

28
Igneous Rocks

• Formation recorded by types of minerals and grain
  size

29
Sedimentary Rocks

• Various types (from Coal to Limestone)

30
Metamorphic Rocks

• Gneiss, Marble, others
• Very high temperature, pressures
• Recrystallization of constituents