Title: Linkage and crossingover
1??? ????? ??????? 1428 ??
????? 1428 ??
2????? ??????
- ??????? ??????? .
- ???????? ??????? Linkage and crossing-over
- ??????? Mutations
- ???????? ???????? Multiple alleles
- ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????
- ??? ??????? Prepotency
- ?????? ???????? ?????? Sex-linked inheritance
- ??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
????? 1428 ??
3Quiz 2
- ???? ??????? ????? ( ????? ?? ???? )
- ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?
- ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?
- ??? ??? ????? P ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???
????? p ?????? ?????? ?????? W ???? ?? ?????
????? ?????? w ???? ?? ????? ?????? ( ????? ?????
) ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? - PPWW x ppww
- ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????
4????? ??????? ????? Types of gene action
- ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? Additive effect
- ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??
??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. - ????
- ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????
?? ???????. ???? ????? Bl ????? ????? ??????
?????? bl ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????
???? ???? ??????? ??????? BlBl ???? ????? ????
???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? blbl ????
????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
??????? Blbl ???? ????? ????.
????? 1428 ??
5????? ??????? ????? Types of gene action
- ??????? ??????? Dominance effect
- ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??
????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
Intra-allelic interaction - ????
- ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????
?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? Y ????? ????? ??????
?????? y ????? ????? ?????? . ???? ????? Y ????
????? ????? y ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????
???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
??????? YY ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????
??????? ??????? Yy ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????
??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? yy ???? ???
????? ???? . ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????
????? y ?????? Y ?? ??????? ??????? Yy ???? ???
??????? ??? ??????? ????? y ?????? Y ?? ???????
??????? yy
????? 1428 ??
6????? ??????? ????? Types of gene action
- ??????? ??????? Epistatic effect
- ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????
????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????
?? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????
??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????
???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ?????
??? ??????? ????? a ?????? A ?? ??? ???? ???????
??????? aa ?? ???? BB ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????
????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? bb ??
?????? ????? - ????
- ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? .??? ????? ?? ???
????? ????? ?? ???????? (????? ????? C ? c
?????? ?????? I? i). ????? C ??????? ?? ?????
???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????
??????? ii ? c ??? ?? ???? ????? I ???? ?????
?????? ???? ???????? ????? C ?? ????? ?????
??? ????? c ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????
??????? ????? C .
????? 1428 ??
7???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????
??? ????? ????? ???????
????? 1428 ??
8??????? ??????? Lethal genes
- ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????
?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
????? ??? ????? Semi-lethal genes ????? ????
???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????
?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??
?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? . - ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? D ???? ???? ??????
????? ?????? d ?? ???? ???? ?????? (???? ?????)
??? ????? ???? ???? DD ?? Dd ????- ?????
????? ???? ???? dd ???? ??????0 - ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? l ???? ????
?????? ????? L ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
???? ???? LL ????? ????? Ll ?????? ??????-
????? ????? ???? ???? ll ????0
????? 1428 ??
9??????? Mutations
- ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??
????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. - ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???
- ???? ???? ???? ????? Intra-genic mutation ?? ??
???? ????? ???. - ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? .
- ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????
?????? ???????? ??? ??????????.
????? 1428 ??
10??????? Mutations
- ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????
??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? . ????? ???????
??????? ????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ??????
?? ??? ???? ????? ??? 1 ??? 100 ??? ??? 1 ???
????? . ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????
???? ?? ???? ????? ???????
????? 1428 ??
11??????? Mutations
- ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???
- ?????? ??? ?????????0
- ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???0
- ?????? ?????????0
- ???? ??? X-rays .
- ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
????? ??? - ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
?????? (???????) ????? ???? ??? ????????
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
???? ?????? 000 ???0
????? 1428 ??
12???????? ???????? Multiple alleles
- ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????
??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???
. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????
??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? . - ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????
???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ??? C?
Cch? ch? ca) ??
????? 1428 ??
13???????? ???????? Multiple alleles
- 1? ????? C ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??
??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???
?????? ?????? ??????. - 2? ????? Cch ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???
???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????
??????? ( ch ? ca ) . - 3? ????? ch ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????????
???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???
?????? ?????? (ca). - 4? ????? ca ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? .
- ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ??????
????? 1428 ??
14???????? ???????? Multiple alleles
????? 1428 ??
15??? ???????
- ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????
??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ??????
??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???
????? ???? ???? - 1? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??
????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???
???????. ????? ????" ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????". - 2? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????
??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????
????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????
??????? ???? ?????? ??????? . - 3? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???
??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????
??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???
????????. ????? ???? "???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
???? ?? ??? ???????".
????? 1428 ??
16??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-linked inheritance
- ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????
???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? Z . ???
?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????
??????? . ?? ?????? ??? ZZ ???? ?? ????? ? ZW
???? ?? ?????? . - ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??
???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??
??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????
????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????.
????? 1428 ??
17????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????0
?? ??????
?? ??????? ????
??? ??? ????
XX XY ZZ
ZW ?????? X
X Y Z Z W
?????????
XX XY ZZ ZW
????? ???? ???
??? ????
????? 1428 ??
18???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????
???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????
??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????
????? 1428 ??
19??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???
????? 1428 ??
20????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????
?? ???? ????
????
??? ?????? BW
BB ?????????
B W
B ??? ????? ????? BB
BW ???? ?????
??? ????
????? ?????? ??? (???? ????? ) ???? ????
???? ?????? BW
Bb ????????? B W
B b ??? ????? ????? BB
Bb BW
bW ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????
???? ????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????
????? 1428 ??
21??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
- ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????
?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????
??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????
Somatic cells ????????? ????? ???? ?????. ???
???? ??????? ??????? Heterozygotes ??? ???????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ????????
?????? ?? ???
22??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
- ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? Ayrshire
- ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????
?? ?????? M ? m. ????? M ???? ???? ?????
?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? m ???? ?????
?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ??
23??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
24??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
- ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??
??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????0 ??? ???
?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
(???? ????? ?? ??????) ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????
?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????
?????? ??????? ??????????.
????? ????
- ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
- ??? ????? ?? ???????
25????? ????
- ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
- ??? ????? ?? ???????