Specialized Business Information Systems

1
Specialized Business Information Systems

• Chapter 6

2
Principles and Learning Objectives

• Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and
  diverse set of systems that can replicate human
  decision making for certain types of well-defined
  problems.
• Define the term artificial intelligence and state
  the objective of developing artificial
  intelligence systems.
• List the characteristics of intelligent behavior
  and compare the performance of natural and
  artificial intelligence systems for each of these
  characteristics.
• Identify the major components of the artificial
  intelligence field and provide one example of
  each type of system.

3
Principles and Learning Objectives

• Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at
  the level of an expert but must be developed and
  maintained very carefully.
• List the characteristics and basic components of
  expert systems.
• Identify at least three factors to consider in
  evaluating the development of an expert system.
• Outline and briefly explain the steps for
  developing an expert system.
• Identify the benefits associated with the use of
  expert systems.

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Principles and Learning Objectives

• Virtual reality systems have the potential to
  reshape the interface between people and
  information technology by offering new ways to
  communicate information creatively.
• Define the term virtual reality and provide three
  examples of virtual reality applications.

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An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
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Introduction - The Nature of Intelligence

• Learn from experience apply the knowledge
• Handle complex situations
• Solve problems when important information is
  missing
• Determine what is important

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The Nature of Intelligence

• React quickly correctly to new situations
• Understand visual images
• Process manipulate symbols
• Be creative imaginative
• Use heuristics

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The Difference Between Natural and Artificial
Intelligence
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The Major Branches of ArtificialIntelligence
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An Overview of Expert Systems
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Introduction

• Expert systems contain the knowledge of an expert
  in a specific area and use that knowledge to
  replicate human problem solving in that area.
• Like human experts, expert systems draw
  inferences from the rules, facts, and
  relationships in their knowledge base and use
  heuristics to draw conclusions or make
  recommendations.
• Expert systems exist to diagnose problems,
  predict events, plan, and design new products and
  systems.
• For example, expert systems can be used by help
  desk personnel to troubleshoot problems end users
  have with software. Expert systems can be used
  to configure a complex computer system.
• Expert systems have been used in business to
  reduce costs, increase profitability, explore
  business options, and improve customer service.

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Characteristics of an Expert System

• Can explain their reasoning or suggested
  decisions
• Can display intelligent behavior
• Can draw conclusions from complex relationships
• Can provide portable knowledge
• Can deal with uncertainty
• Not widely used or tested

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Characteristics of an Expert System

• Limited to relatively narrow problems
• Cannot readily deal with mixed knowledge
• Possibility of error
• Cannot refine its own knowledge
• May have high development costs
• Raise legal and ethical concerns

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Capabilities of an Expert Systems

• Strategic goal setting
• Planning
• Design
• Decision-making
• Quality control and monitoring
• Diagnosis

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Capabilities of Expert Systems
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When to Use Expert Systems

• High payoff
• Preserve scarce expertise
• Distribute expertise
• Provide more consistency than humans
• Faster solutions than humans
• Training expertise

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Components of an Expert System
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Knowledge Base

• Assembling human experts
• The use of fuzzy logic
• The use of rules
• The use of cases

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Knowledge Base
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Inference Engine

• Backward chaining
• Forward chaining
• Comparison of backward and forward chaining

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The Use of Rules
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The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
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Components of an Expert System

• The explanation facility
• The knowledge acquisition facility
• The user interface
• Knowledge based
• User interface

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Expert Systems Development
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Participants in Developing and Using Expert
Systems

• Domain expert
• Knowledge engineer
• Knowledge user

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Participants in Developing and Using Expert
Systems
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Domain Experts

• Recognize the real problem
• Develop a general framework for problem solving
• Formulate theories about the situation
• Develop and use general rules to solve a problem
• Know when to break the rules or general
  principles
• Solve problems quickly and efficiently

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Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques
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Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques

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Expert Systems Development Alternatives
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Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial
Intelligence - example

• Credit granting and loan analysis
• Stock picking
• Catching cheats and terrorists
• Budgeting

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Applications of Expert System and Artificial
Intelligence - example

• Information management and retrieval
• Games
• Virus detection
• Hospitals and medical facilities

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Virtual Reality
A virtual reality system allows one or more users
to interact with the system in a
computer-simulated environment.
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Segway
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Interface Devices

• Head-mounted display (HMD)
• Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)
• CAVE
• Haptic interface

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Forms of Virtual Reality

• Mouse-controlled navigation
• Stereo projection systems
• Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo
  glasses

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Useful Applications

• Medicine used to link stroke patients to
  physical therapists
• Education and training used by military for
  aircraft maintenance
• Entertainment
• Star Wars Episode II Attack of the Clones

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Useful Applications

• Real Estate Marketing and Tourism
• Used to increase real estate sales
• Virtual reality tour of the White House

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Other Specialized Systems

• Segway Personal Transporter
• http//www.segway.com/connect/multimedia.html
• Adaptive brain interface technology
• http//www.lce.hut.fi/research/bci/
• Personal awareness assistant (PAA)
• http//www.accenture.com/xd/xd.asp?itenWebxdser
  vices\technology\research\tech_personal_aware.xml

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Summary

• Artificial intelligence - used to describe
  computers with ability to mimic or duplicate
  functions of the human brain
• Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to
  learn from experience
• Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or
  suggested decisions) and display intelligent
  behavior
• Virtual reality systems - enables one or more
  users to move and react in a computer-simulated
  environment
• Special-purpose systems - assist organizations
  and individuals in new and exciting ways. For
  example, Segway