What is

1
What is soil structure ?
2
Mineral Particles
Scale (m)
Aggregations
Pores
SOM
nm
?m
mm
cm
3
Soil pore connectivity
White zones are pores gt 1mm
No-till soil
Tilled soil
(Young and Ritz, 2000)
4
http//www.mtm.kuleuven.ac.be/Research/NDT/IDO_SHe
rman_final.ppt
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Tillage voids
Biopores
Tillage voids
Biopores
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Intensive tillage
Long term no-till
8
Compacting effects of wheel traffic
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What is aggregate stability ?
11
Creating the ideal seed bed
12
What is tillage ?
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Plowing the prairie
14
Plowing the Central Valley
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Moldboard plow
16
Moldboard plow
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Chisel plow
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Spading machine
http//www.tramsales.com/vp.html
Cool animation !!!
http//www.timmenterprises.com/machines/spader2.ht
m
19
Rototiller
http//www.tramsales.com/muratorimz8c.html
Rototiller with roller harrow
http//www.tramsales.com/muratorimz10xl.html
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Sub-soiler
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Tandem Disc Harrow
http//www.krauseco.com/2200.htm
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Tandem disc harrow
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Offset disc harrow
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Field cultivator
http//www.brahmpuri.com
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Bedder Hipper
http//www.amcomfg.com/images/bedhip/hipper.jpg
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The Lesche Bed Shaper is unique because it is one
of the only  bed shapers that can be pulled by
low horsepower tractors (25hp) and can be
adjusted for the bed height and width.  It's
other unique feature is the rear meeker discs
that keep the top of the bed loose for planting
seeds into, which is especially important in clay
soils.  http//www.marketfarm.com/cfms/lesche_bed
_shaper.cfm
The Ferguson Bedshaper Sled is unique because you
can mount planters inside the frame to plant
while you form the bed. This combination allows
you to accurately plant a row parallel to the
sides of the bed which allows you to accurately
cultivate the rows with a guide cone guidance
system mounted on the cultivator which follows
the raised shoulders of the bed.
http//www.marketfarm.com/cfms/ferguson_bedshaper_
sled.cfm
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Tine harrow
http//www.ewrs.org/pwc/springti.htm
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Roller harrows
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Far reaching effects of compaction
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Poor drainage
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Artificial drainage