ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE

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ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE
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Factors that Control Climate

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Latitude

• ________________________ increases with distance
  from the equator.
• Also, temperatures _________________ as you move
  away from the equator.
• This is because the suns rays are dispersed over
  a ________________________ of land as you move
  away from the equator.
• This is due to the ____________________ of the
  earth.

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Altitude

• Temperatures _________________ with height.
• The air is ____________________ and cannot hold
  __________________ as easily.

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Winds

• If winds are warm - they have been blown from a
  hot area - they will ____________ temperatures.
  If winds have been blown from cold areas they
  will _____________ temperatures.

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Distance from the sea

• Land heats and cools ______________ than the sea.
  
• Therefore coastal areas have a lower temperature
  _____________ than those areas inland.

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Aspect

• Slopes facing the sun are ______________ than
  those that are not. Thus ____________ facing
  slopes in the northern hemisphere are usually
  warm. However, slopes facing ____________ in the
  southern hemisphere are warmest.

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Heat Islands

• Urban regions become _______________ than their
  rural surroundings, forming an "island" of
  _______________ temperatures in the landscape
• Changes occur in their landscape.
  ___________________________, and other
  infrastructure replace open land and vegetation

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Heat Islands

• On a hot, sunny summer day, the sun can heat dry,
  exposed urban surfaces, such as roofs and
  pavement, to temperatures 5090F (2750C)
  hotter than the air,2 while shaded or moist
  surfacesoften in more rural surroundingsremain
  close to air temperatures.

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Wind Circulation
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OCEAN CHEMISTRY AND CURRENTS
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Ocean Chemistry
I. Chemistry of Ocean Water
______ Water
_____ Salts
Common salts chlorides, sulfates
Potassium ions(K)-1 Chloride ions(Cl-)-55 Sulfa
te ions(SO42-)-7
Sodium ions(Na)-31 Magnesium ions(Mg2)-4 Calci
um ions(Ca2)-1
Salts come from _____________ forces, runoff from
the continents
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Salinity measure of ______________________
VARIES FROM PLACE TO PLACE
4.
1.
5.
2.
3.
6.
The greater the salinity, the greater the
__________________
saltier water sinks, less salty water rises
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II. Currents
Insolation (__________________________) warms
the continents (the land) _______________ than
the water
THIS CAUSES
The air above the continents to
___________________ and as we know, WARMER AIR
_________________!!!
This rising of warm air, and falling of cooler
air causes _________________ to occur.
These winds PUSH and PULL on the
_________________________ causing
______________________ in the water.
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General wind patterns determine general ocean
currents
trade winds - nearly constant _____________ winds
that dominate most of the tropics and subtropics
throughout the world
Coriolis Effect explains the
direction of wind/water movements.

• ___________________ in Northern Hemisphere

• _______________________ in Southern Hemisphere

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Three Factors that Drive Currents
1. Rise and Fall of _________________ Affected
by ______________________________ of the sun and
moon on Earths oceans

• ______________________
• Drives ___________________________ currents
• Affected by the Coriolis Effect
• Wind is deflected _________________ in the
  Northern Hemisphere and __________________ in the
  Southern Hemisphere

3. Density and ____________________
Currents Drives ________________________
currents Driven by density differences due to
______________________________________
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III. Importance of Currents
1. spread heat ___________________________
towards poles
2. _____________________________ near oceans
3. spreads ____________________

1. affects _____________________ patterns

1. Speeds ________________

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Surface currents in the oceans move in large slow
circles called _______. That explains the story
of 60,000 Nike shoes spilled from a storm-tossed
cargo ship in the northeastern Pacific in May
1990.
Six months to a year later, beachcombers from
British Columbia to Oregon began to find shoes.
Beachcombers held swap meets to find matched
pairs. Oceanographers constructed a computer
model that predicted the shoes' route. In 1993,
shoes were found in Hawaii. The shoes completed
the gyre's circuit, they turned up in Japan and
the Philippines in 1996 and in 1997 they washed
up on North American shores.