Cell Structure and Function Biology Mrs' Volin

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Cell Structure and FunctionBiology Mrs. Volin

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• Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1600s, Netherlands
• Developed first microscope
• Used simple microscope to
• view living organisms in a
• drop of pond water---animalcule
  s
• Discovered bacteria

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• Robert Hooke,
• English physicist,
• 1665
• Observed plant
• tissues under
• light microscope
• Coined the
• term cells

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• Matthias Schleiden, German botanist, 1838
• all plants are made of cells
• Theodor Schwann, German zoologist, 1839
• all animals are made of cells

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• Rudolf Virchow, German physician, 1855
• Studied cell reproduction
• All cells come from pre-existing cells

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Cell Theory

• These 3 ideas form a fundamental concept in
  biology, The Cell Theory
• 1. All living things are made of
  cells.
• 2. Cells are the basic units of
  structure and function in living things
• 3. Cells come from previously
  existing cells.

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Cell Diversity

• Variety of shapes and sizes

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Typical cell size 5-50 micrometers
diameter

• Smallest bacteria 0.2 micrometers
• Giant amoeba 1000 micrometers

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Typical Animal Cell
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Typical Plant Cell
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Cell Organization

• The cell includes two basic parts
• Cell Membrane
• - thin flexible barrier around the cell
• Cytoplasm
• - material inside the cell
• membrane, excluding nucleus

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Two categories of cells

• Prokaryotes
• Do NOT have a nucleus
• Consist of the bacteria
• No other membrane-bound structures
• Eukaryotes
• Nucleus
• Membrane-bound organelles

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Cell Membrane

• Made up of lipid
• bilayer
• double-layered sheet
• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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Cell Membrane
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Nucleus

• Controls cells activities
• Contains cells genetic material (DNA)

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• A network of tunnels throughout the cytoplasm
  for cell transport

• rough
• smooth

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Ribosomes

• Where proteins are
• assembled
• Comprised of RNA
• and protein
• May be attached to ER, or freely floating

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Golgi Apparatus

• Stacks of flattened membranes
• Package molecules for export out of cell

Vesicles carry materials into GA on one side and
out on opposite side
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Mitochondria

• Powerhouses of the cell produce energy for
  the cell
• Cellular respiration occurs here

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Cytoskeleton

• Skeleton of the cell
• Two types of structures
• Microtubules function in cell division
• Microfilaments aid in movement and support

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Lysosomes

• Break down food molecules to be used by cell
• Break down
• organelles that are
• no longer functional

Question What does the root word lys mean?
Answer lys or to lyse means to break down
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Centrioles

• In animal cells (not plants)
• Function in cell division
• Bundles of microtubules

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Cilia and flagella

• Provide locomotion
• Sweeping motion of cilia moves material through
  tubes

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Vacuoles

• Fluid-filled sacs
• Store or carry salts, proteins, carbohydrates,
  water, etc.
• In plants, central vacuole filled with water

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Central vacuole
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Chloroplasts

• Site of photosynthesis
• Found in plants and other organisms that carry
  out photosynthesis

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Structures in Paramecium cell
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Structures in an onion cell
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• Bacterial Cells
• DNA is circular
• DNA in nucleoid
• Cell wall
• Capsule polysaccharide layer provides
  protection
  
• Pili

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Theory of Endosymbiosis
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Theory of Endosymbiosis

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as
  prokaryotes that came to live inside eukaryotic
  cells
• (evidence mitochondria and chloroplasts
  have
• own DNA)

Dr. Lynn Margulis
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