IMP' CAESAR AUGUSTUS

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IMP. CAESAR AUGUSTUS
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GEOGRAPHY ETHNOGRAPHY ROMAN ECONOMY
CAESAR AUGUSTUS
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REVIEW ethnic identity conceived of as series of
diametrical oppositions (others unlike
the Greeks and Romans) set in symmetrical
balance (North/South, hot/cold,
pale/black, effeminate/masculine) allows for
motif transfer
DIVINE
US human, adult, male, free, citizens
NOW
WAY BACK THEN
WAY OVER THERE
HERE
BESTIAL
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REVIEW DIAMETRICAL OPPOSITION SYMMETRICAL
BALANCE the known, inhabited world (ecumene)
according to Ephorus South oriented,
symmetrical balance
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REVIEW DIAMETRICAL OPPOSITION SYMMETRICAL
BALANCE Aeneas saw in order painted on the
wall Whatever did unhappy Troy befall Himself he
saw amidst the Grecian train Mixd in the bloody
battle on the plain And swarthy Memnon in his
arms he knew His pompous ensigns, and his Indian
crew. Penthisilea there, with haughty
grace, Leads to the wars an Amazon race Amidst
the press alone provokes a thousand foes, And
dares her maiden arms to manly force
oppose. Vergil Aeneid, book I
dark, manly South pale, effeminate North
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REVIEW DIAMETRICAL OPPOSITION SYMMETRICAL
BALANCE
MEMNON
PENTHISILEA
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GEOGRAPHY PERIPLUS (sail around) The known,
inhabited world (ecumene) according to
Eratosthenes and Strabo
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GEOGRAPHY PERIPLUS (sail around) Three
continents surrounded by Oceanus, Asia Minor at
the center
ASIA
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ETHNOCENTRISM setting your ethnic group as the
norm, at the center of the cosmos
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GEOGRAPHY T-O MAP MEDIEVAL COSMOS
Hereford Map
ASIA
East oriented Jerusalem at the center
AFRICA
EUROPE
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GEOGRAPHY T-O MAP
repellently interesting groups set along margins
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GEOGRAPHY T-O MAP
BLEMMYES
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GEOGRAPHY T-O MAP
SCIAPODS
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GEOGRAPHY T-O MAP
CYNOCEPHALAE (dog-heads)
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GEOGRAPHY ITINERARIA (land journey)
PEUTINGER TABLE
S P A I N
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GEOGRAPHY ITINERARIA (land journey)
PEUTINGER TABLE
R O M E
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GEOGRAPHY ITINERARIA (land journey)
PEUTINGER TABLE
CONSTANTINOPLE
N I L E
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GEOGRAPHY ITINERARIA (land journey)
PEUTINGER TABLE
I N D I A
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ROMAN ECONOMY
subsistence agriculture some surplus, but
surplus gt taxes and rents low investment in
improved production
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ECONOMIC POWER MANN
derives from the satisfaction of subsistence
needs through organization of the
extraction, transformation, distribution, and
consumption of the objects of nature
groupings formed around these tasks is called a
class ROME classis military/census
categorization by wealth ordo patrician,
equestrian, plebian
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ROMAN ECONOMY
subsistence agriculture some surplus, but
surplus gt taxes and rents low investment in
improved production
agriculture (senatorial ordo) success modes of
behavior
trade (equestrian ordo) success enterprise
skill
One of the consuls elect for 217 BCE was C.
Flaminiusfor he had not forgotten his old
quarrels with the Senate, first as tribune of the
plebs, then afterward about his consulship, the
election to which had been declared illegal, and
finally about his triumph over Cisapline Gauls.
He further embittered the Senate against him by
his support of C. Claudius he alone of all the
members was in favor of the measure that that
tribune introduced. Under its provisions no
senator, no one whose father had been a senator,
was allowed to possess a vessel of more than 300
amphora burden. This was considered quite large
enough for the conveyance of produce from their
estates, all profit made by trading was regarded
as dishonorable for the patricians. Livy
XXI.63
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ROMAN ECONOMY
subsistence agriculture some surplus, but
surplus gt taxes and rents low investment in
improved production
agriculture (senatorial ordo) success modes of
behavior
trade (equestrian ordo)
success not an independent wealth- generating
component of the economy
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P O R T
CONSUMER CITY MODEL
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CONSUMER CITY MODEL
Mons Testaceus (Monte Testaccio) mountain of
discarded transport amphora
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CONSUMER CITY MODEL
increase in shipwrecks increase in carrying
capacity
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CONSUMER CITY MODEL
wine
GAUL (NARBO)
wine, olive oil
NEAR SPAIN
ASIA
SICILY
grain
AFRICA
grain, olive oil
EGYPT
grain
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LEGIONARY ECONOMY MODEL
(1) tribute/tax money (coinage) sent from
provinces to Rome
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LEGIONARY ECONOMY MODEL
money
GAUL (NARBO)
ROME
money
NEAR SPAIN
ASIA
money
SICILY
money
AFRICA
SYRIA
money
money
EGYPT
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LEGIONARY ECONOMY MODEL
(1) tribute/tax money (coinage) sent from
provinces to Rome (2) money sent from Rome to
legions
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LEGIONARY ECONOMY MODEL
LEGIONS
LEGIONS
MONEY
LEGIONS
ROME
LEGIONS
LEGION
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LEGIONARY ECONOMY MODEL
(1) tribute/tax money (coinage) sent from
provinces to Rome (2) money sent from Rome to
legions (3) money from legions used to purchase
goods from provinces
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LEGIONARY ECONOMY MODEL
LEGIONS
money
LEGIONS
money
GAUL (NARBO)
LEGIONS
money
money
NEAR SPAIN
LEGIONS
ASIA
SICILY
AFRICA
SYRIA
LEGION
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REVIEW C. JULIUS CAESAR (100-44 BCE) direct
descendant of Romes putative ancestor Julus
(Ascanius) gt Aeneas gt Venus popular support,
father was brother-in-law to C. Marius elected
chief priest (pontifex maximus, 63 BCE), lifetime
appointment FIRST TRIUMVIRATE (60-54) with
Cn. Pompeius Magnus (warlord) and M.
Licinius Crassus (wealth) consul (I, 59 BCE),
proconsul in Gaul (58-50 BCE) death of Julia
(54 BCE), death of Crassus in Parthia (53 BCE),
end of Triumvirate leaves his provincia
(crosses the Rubicon 49 BCE), marches on
Rome CIVIL WAR (49-46 BCE) Populares faction
(Caesarians) vs. Optimates (Pompeians) Battle of
Pharsala (48 BCE) Cn. Pompeius Magnus
flees to Egypt, assassinated M. Portius
Cato flees to Africa, defeated, commits suicide
(46 BCE)
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CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS
flees to Egypt assassinated (48 BCE)
M. PORTIUS CATOTHE YOUNGER
flees to Africa suicide (46 BCE)
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C. JULIUS CAESAR (100-44 BCE) direct
descendant of putative ancestor Julus (Ascanius)
gt Aeneas gt Venus popular support, father was
brother-in-law to C. Marius elected chief
priest (pontifex maximus, 63 BCE), lifetime
appointment FIRST TRIUMVIRATE (60-54) with
Cn. Pompeius Magnus (warlord) and M. Licinius
Crassus (wealth) consul (I, 59 BCE), proconsul
in Gaul (58-50 BCE) death of Julia (54 BCE),
death of Crassus in Parthia (53 BCE), end of
Triumvirate leaves his provincia, crosses the
Rubicon, 49 BCE), marches on Rome CIVIL WAR
(49-48 BCE) Populares faction (Caesarians) vs.
Optimates (Pompeians) dictator (48) with M.
Antonius as his second-in-command (magister
equitum, master of the cavalry) dictator
perpetuus (without term limit 44 BCE), with M.
Aemilius Lepidus as his second-in-command,
preparations for campaign against Parthia a
tyrant (rex, although he refused the title)
assassinated by C. Cassius Longinus and M. Junius
Brutus
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MARRIAGE ALLIANCES JULIO-CLAUDIAN FAMILY TREE
REVIEW Cn. Pompeius Magnus (ca.47 yrs) forms
alliance (59 BCE) with marriage to Julia (ca.23
yrs), only daughter of C. Julius Caesar
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Ides of March (15th) 44 BCE
in his will, adopts his great-nephew
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Ides of March (15th) 44 BCE
C. OCTAVIUS(great-nephew) 18 yrs
ATIA (niece)
C. JULIUS CAESAR
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Ides of March (15th) 44 BCE
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Ides of March (15th) 44 BCE
OCTAVIA(great-niece) ca.25 yrs
wife of C. Claudius MARCELLUS (ca.55-40)
ATIA (niece)
C. JULIUS CAESAR
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Ides of March (15th) 44 BCE
affair with Cleopatra VII Philopator (48-47
BCE) their son Ptolemy XV Caesarion
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CLEOPATRA VII PHILOPATOR
Ides of March (15th) 44 BCE
living with Julius Caesar in Rome 46-44 BCE
C. JULIUS CAESAR
PTOLEMY XV CAESARION, age ca.3 yrs
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M. ANTONIUS
Ides of March (15th) 44 BCE M. Antonius gains
control of Caesars papers placates
Republicans controls veterans M. Aemilius
Lepidus controls veterans
C. JULIUS CAESAR
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M. ANTONIUS
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE (IIIviri) ratified by
senate 5-year term (43-38 BCE) M. Antonius
gains control of Caesars papers placates
Republicans controls veterans M. Aemilius
Lepidus controls veterans elected pontifex
maximus C. Julius Caesar Octavianus The
Name (after adoption) forms alliance with
marriage to M. Antonius step-daughter
Clodia (daughter of Clodius) PROSCRIPTION
(death list) murder of M. and Q. Tullius
Cicero
C. JULIUS CAESAR OCTAVIANUS
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SECOND TRIUMVIRATE 43-38 BCE
C. Julius Caesar Octavianus forms alliance with
betrothal to Clodia step-daughter of M.
Antonius (daughter of P. Clodius Pulcher)
unconsummated, returned (ca.40 BCE)
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M. ANTONIUS M. F.
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE (IIIviri) deification of
Julius Caesar (42 BCE)
C. JULIUS DIVI F. CAESAR OCTAVIANUS
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M. ANTONIUS
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE (IIIviri) deification of
Julius Caesar (42 BCE) BATTLE OF PHILIPPI (42
BCE) defeat of the tyrannicides C. Cassius
Longinus and M. Junius Brutus
active in the East
C. JULIUS DIVI F. CAESAR OCTAVIANUS
active in Italy, the West
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CLEOPATRA VII PHILOPATER
M. ANTONIUS
PTOLEMY XV CAESARION, ca.6 yrs
affair with Cleopatra VII (41 BCE) twins (40
BCE), Alexander Helios (the Sun) and
Cleopatra Selene (the Moon)
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M. ANTONIUS
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
OCTAVIA
C. JULIUS CAESAR OCTAVIANUS
M. Antonius forms alliance (40 BCE)
with marriage to Octavia (sister of
Octavianus) live together in East (Athens,
40-36 BCE) two daughters TRIUMVIRATE
(IIIviri) renewed second five-year term
(38-33 BCE) and the other guy, too
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SECOND TRIUMVIRATE renewed 38-33 BCE
M. Antonius forms alliance (40 BCE) with
marriage to Octavia, sister of C. Julius Caesar
Octiavianus two daughters C. Julius Caesar
Octiavianus forms alliance (40 BCE) with marriage
to Scribonia (forced to divorce),
niece of Sex. Pompeius one daughter (only child)
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SECOND TRIUMVIRATE renewed 38-33 BCE
C. Julius Caesar Octiavianus marries for love
(38 BCE) to Livia (forced to divorce Ti.
Claudius Nero)
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M. ANTONIUS ALEXANDER THE GREAT
GERMANS
ROME
PARTHIANS (PERSIANS)
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CLEOPATRA VII PHILOPATER
M. ANTONIUS
C. JULIUS CAESAR OCTAVIANUS
M. Antonius leaves Octavia returns to
Cleopatra VII (36-31 BCE) TRIUMVIRATE
collapses (33-32 BCE) M. Antonius divorces
Octavia (32 BCE) acknowledges Caesarion as
legitimate heir, grants land and titles to
him and to Cleopatra prepares campaign
against Parthia BATTLE OF ACTIUM (31 BCE)
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CLEOPATRA VII PHILOPATER
M. ANTONIUS
C. JULIUS CAESAR OCTAVIANUS
Actium surveys the well disputed prize Leucates
watry plain with foamy billows fries. Young
Caesar, on the stern, in armor bright, Here leads
the Romans and their gods to fight Rangd on
the line opposd Antonius brings Barbarian aids,
and troops of Eastern kings. Th Arabians near,
and Bactrians from afar Of tongues discordant,
and a mingled war The trembling Indians and
Egyptians yeild, And soft Sabaeans Arabs quit
the watry field.
Vergil, Book VIII
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AUGUSTAN SETTLEMENT (27 BCE) nothing
revolutionary (res nova) given title of
princeps (first citizen) takes name
IMPERATOR (emperor) CAESAR DIVI F. AUGUSTUS
(majesty) tribunician power and
sacrosanctitas proconsular power over ½ the
provinces (those where legions were
stationed along the Rhine, Danube, Syria)
control of Egypt, grain supply
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AUGUSTAN SETTLEMENT (27 BCE)
END OF THE REPUBLIC (509-27 BCE) BEGINNING OF THE
PRINCIPATE (27 BCE285 CE)
DISAMBIGUATION (same guy, three names) 63-44
BCE C. OCTAVIUS 44-27 BCE C. JULIUS CAESAR
OCTAVIANUS 27 BCE14 CE IMP. CAESAR DIVI F.
AUGUSTUS
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BATTLE OF ACTIUM (31 BCE), 32 yrs
REVIEW ROMAN EMPIRE WHEN? A. extension of
imperium (legitimate control of the
states violence) 1) cult transfer from Alba
Longa (kings?) 2) annexation of Veii (ca.390
BCE) 3) end of the Latin League (338 BCE) 4)
overseas province, Sicily (241 BCE)
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BATTLE OF ACTIUM (31 BCE), 32 yrs
ROMAN EMPIRE WHEN? A. extension of imperium
(legitimate control of the states
violence) 1) cult transfer from Alba Longa
(kings?) 2) annexation of Veii (ca.390 BCE) 3)
end of the Latin League (338 BCE) 4) overseas
province, Sicily (241 BCE) B. rule by a sole
imperator (one who wields imperium
well) 5) Battle of Actium (31 BCE) 6) Augustan
Settlement (27 BCE)