Practical Applications of Temporal and Event Reasoning

1
Practical Applications of Temporal and Event
Reasoning

• James Pustejovsky, Brandeis
• Graham Katz, Osnabrück
• Rob Gaizauskas, Sheffield
• ESSLLI 2003
• Vienna, Austria
• August 25-29, 2003

2
Course Outline

• Monday-
• Theoretical and Computational Motivations
• Overview of Annotation Task
• Events and Temporal Expressions
• Tuesday
• Timex Expressions
• Anchoring Events to Times
• Relations between Events
• Wednesday
• Relating Annotations
• Temporal Closure
• Thursday
• Automatic Identification of Expressions
• Automatic Link Construction
• Friday-
• Outstanding Problems

3
Tuesday Topics

• Timex Expressions
• Anchoring Events to Times
• Relations between Events

4
TIMEX3 Corpus 1

• TIDES (100,000 words)
• 23,337 tides-nytimes
• 35,628 tides-bbc
• 36,539 tides-africa
• 95.5 K words
• Number of Timexes (Timex tokens) 31,659
• Unique Timexes 1,134
• --------------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• Normalization
• digit --gt X
• a,an,the --gt Det
• --------------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• Format
• ltfrequencygt lttimexgt
• --------------------------------------------------
  ---------------

5
TIMEX3 Corpus 2

• 3498 XXXX
• 2388 now
• 1742 X Dec XXXX
• 1547 XX Nov XXXX
• 683 today
• 649 yesterday
• 635 XX Dec XXXX
• 561 current
• 540 this year
• 513 once
• 506 last year
• 466 Det past
• 451 XX September
• 434 Wednesday
• 407 future
• 401 X Jan XXXX
• 389 Friday
• 380 Now
• 376 Thursday

• 341 Monday
• 335 Det future
• 307 XXXXs
• 296 last week
• 285 Sunday
• 280 this week
• 272 next year
• 269 Saturday
• 253 Christmas
• 242 Sept. XX
• 242 November
• 214 Daily
• 204 September
• 193 XX November
• 193 last month

6
TIMEX3 Corpus 3

• 26 Det month ago
• 26 fourth quarter
• 25 three years ago
• 25 Tuesday XX
• 25 Tuesday XX November
• 25 last Saturday
• 25 yesterday morning
• 25 Wednesday XX
• 25 XX Nov.
• 25 XX January
• 25 Dec. X
• 25 Nov.
• 25 July XXXX
• 24 Monday morning
• 24 early October
• 23 two weeks ago
• 23 This week
• 23 last weekend
• 22 Thanksgiving

• 22 long ago
• 22 last Friday
• 21 early this year
• 21 Tuesday afternoon
• 21 Wednesday XX November
• 21 Det week ago
• 20 Det XXst century
• 1 November of this year
• 1 January X XXXX
• 1 August next year
• 1 July , XXXX
• 1 last December X
• 1 June XX every year
• 1 two thousand years ago
• 1 Ten years
• 1 late this afternoon
• 1 Det year ago today
• 1 last week Friday

7

TIMEX2 Tag Attributes
8
TIDES TIMEX2 Examples

• The Foreign Minister told Thailand's Nation
  Newspaper ltTIMEX2 VAL1998-01-04gtSundaylt/TIMEX2gt
  Pol Pot had left Cambodia but was not in
  Thailand, ending credence to a claim ltTIMEX2
  VAL1997-W52gtlast weeklt/TIMEX2gt the aged and
  ailing former Khmer Rouge leader had fled to
  China.
• . ...
• But in ltTIMEX2 NON_SPECIFICYESgttodaylt/TIMEX2gt'
  s Japan, the impossible has become possible, and
  in ltTIMEX2 VAL1998-12gtDecemberlt/TIMEX2gt, seven
  years shy of his retirement, Akimoto "quit" and
  joined the 2.91 million other Japanese who are
  officially looking for a job.

9
TIMEX2 Annotation Scheme

• Time Points ltTIMEX2 VAL"2000-W42"gtthe third week
  of Octoberlt/TIMEX2gt
• Durations ltTIMEX2 VALPT30Mgthalf an hour
  longlt/TIMEX2gt
• Indexicality ltTIMEX2 VAL2000-10-04gttomorrowlt/T
  IMEX2gt
• Sets ltTIMEX2 VALXXXX-WXX-2" SET"YES
  PERIODICITY"F1W" GRANULARITYG1Dgtevery
  Tuesdaylt/TIMEX2gt
• Fuzziness ltTIMEX2 VAL1990-SUgtSummer of 1990
  lt/TIMEX2gt
• ltTIMEX2 VAL1999-07-15TMOgtThis
  morninglt/TIMEX2gt
• Non-specificity ltTIMEX2 VAL"XXXX-04"
  NON_SPECIFICYESgtAprillt/TIMEX2gt is usually wet.

10
TIMEX3

• Fully Specified Temporal Expressions
• June 11, 1989
• Summer, 2002
• Underspecified Temporal Expressions
• Monday
• Next month
• Last year
• Two days ago
• Durations
• Three months
• Two years

11
Unannotated Article 1

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• Iraq's Saddam Hussein, facing U.S. and Arab
  troops at the Saudi
• border, today sought peace on another front by
  promising to
• withdraw from Iranian territory and release
  soldiers captured
• during the Iran-Iraq war. Also today, King
  Hussein of Jordan arrived in
• Washington seeking to mediate the Persian Gulf
  crisis. President Bush on
• Tuesday said the United States may extend its
  naval quarantine to Jordan's
• Red Sea port of Aqaba to shut off Iraq's last
  unhindered trade route.
• In another mediation effort, the Soviet Union
  said today it had
• sent an envoy to the Middle East on a series of
  stops to include
• Baghdad. Soviet officials also said Soviet women,
  children and
• invalids would be allowed to leave Iraq.

12
Unannotated Article 2

• President Bush today denounced Saddam's ruinous
  policies of war,'' and
• said the United States is striking a blow for
  the principle that might does
• not make right.''
• In a speech delivered at the Pentagon, Bush
  seemed to suggest
• that American forces could be in the gulf region
  for some time.
• No one should doubt our staying power or
  determination,'' he said.
• The U.S. military buildup in Saudi Arabia
  continued at fever pace, with Syrian
• troops now part of a multinational force camped
  out in the desert to guard the
• Saudi kingdom from any new thrust by Iraq.
• In a letter to President Hashemi Rafsanjani of
  Iran, read by a broadcaster over
• Baghdad radio, Saddam said he will begin
  withdrawing troops from Iranian
• territory a week from tomorrow and release
  Iranian prisoners of war.
• Iran said an Iraqi diplomatic delegation was en
  route to Tehran to deliver
• Saddam's message, which it said it would review
  with optimism.''

13
Temporal Expressions 1

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• Iraq's Saddam Hussein, facing U.S. and Arab
  troops at the Saudi
• border, today sought peace on another front by
  promising to
• withdraw from Iranian territory and release
  soldiers captured
• during the Iran-Iraq war. Also today, King
  Hussein of Jordan arrived in
• Washington seeking to mediate the Persian Gulf
  crisis. President Bush on
• Tuesday said the United States may extend its
  naval quarantine to Jordan's
• Red Sea port of Aqaba to shut off Iraq's last
  unhindered trade route.
• In another mediation effort, the Soviet Union
  said today it had
• sent an envoy to the Middle East on a series of
  stops to include
• Baghdad. Soviet officials also said Soviet women,
  children and
• invalids would be allowed to leave Iraq.

14
Temporal Expressions 2

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• President Bush today denounced Saddam's ruinous
  policies of war,'' and
• said the United States is striking a blow for
  the principle that might does
• not make right.''
• In a speech delivered at the Pentagon, Bush
  seemed to suggest
• that American forces could be in the gulf region
  for some time.
• No one should doubt our staying power or
  determination,'' he said.
• The U.S. military buildup in Saudi Arabia
  continued at fever pace, with Syrian
• troops now part of a multinational force camped
  out in the desert to guard the
• Saudi kingdom from any new thrust by Iraq.
• In a letter to President Hashemi Rafsanjani of
  Iran, read by a broadcaster over
• Baghdad radio, Saddam said he will begin
  withdrawing troops from Iranian
• territory a week from tomorrow and release
  Iranian prisoners of war.
• Iran said an Iraqi diplomatic delegation was en
  route to Tehran to deliver

15
Timex3 Links 1

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• Iraq's Saddam Hussein, facing U.S. and Arab
  troops at the Saudi
• border, today sought peace on another front by
  promising to
• withdraw from Iranian territory and release
  soldiers captured
• during the Iran-Iraq war. Also today, King
  Hussein of Jordan arrived in
• Washington seeking to mediate the Persian Gulf
  crisis. President Bush on
• Tuesday said the United States may extend its
  naval quarantine to Jordan's
• Red Sea port of Aqaba to shut off Iraq's last
  unhindered trade route.
• In another mediation effort, the Soviet Union
  said today it had
• sent an envoy to the Middle East on a series of
  stops to include
• Baghdad. Soviet officials also said Soviet women,
  children and
• invalids would be allowed to leave Iraq.

16
Timex3 Links 2

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• President Bush today denounced Saddam's ruinous
  policies of war,'' and
• said the United States is striking a blow for
  the principle that might does
• not make right.''
• In a speech delivered at the Pentagon, Bush
  seemed to suggest
• that American forces could be in the gulf region
  for some time.
• No one should doubt our staying power or
  determination,'' he said.
• The U.S. military buildup in Saudi Arabia
  continued at fever pace, with Syrian
• troops now part of a multinational force camped
  out in the desert to guard the
• Saudi kingdom from any new thrust by Iraq.
• In a letter to President Hashemi Rafsanjani of
  Iran, read by a broadcaster over
• Baghdad radio, Saddam said he will begin
  withdrawing troops from Iranian
• territory a week from tomorrow and release
  Iranian prisoners of war.
• Iran said an Iraqi diplomatic delegation was en
  route to Tehran to deliver

17
TimeML Event Classes

• Occurrence
• die, crash, build, merge, sell, take advantage
  of, ..
• State
• Be on board, kidnapped, recovering, love, ..
• Reporting
• Say, report, announce,
• I-Action
• Attempt, try,promise, offer
• I-State
• Believe, intend, want,
• Aspectual
• begin, start, finish, stop, continue.
• Perception
• See, hear, watch, feel.

18
Event Expressions 1

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• Iraq's Saddam Hussein, facing U.S. and Arab
  troops at the Saudi
• border, today sought peace on another front by
  promising to withdraw from Iranian
• territory and release soldiers captured
• during the Iran-Iraq war. Also today, King
  Hussein of Jordan arrived in
• Washington seeking to mediate the Persian Gulf
  crisis. President Bush on
• Tuesday said the United States may extend its
  naval quarantine to Jordan's
• Red Sea port of Aqaba to shut off Iraq's last
  unhindered trade route.
• In another mediation effort, the Soviet Union
  said today it had
• sent an envoy to the Middle East on a series of
  stops to include
• Baghdad. Soviet officials also said Soviet women,
  children and
• invalids would be allowed to leave Iraq.

19
Event Expressions 2

• President Bush today denounced Saddam's ruinous
  policies of war,'' and
• said the United States is striking a blow for
  the principle that might does
• not make right.''
• In a speech delivered at the Pentagon, Bush
  seemed to suggest
• that American forces could be in the gulf region
  for some time.
• No one should doubt our staying power or
  determination,'' he said.
• The U.S. military buildup in Saudi Arabia
  continued at fever pace, with Syrian
• troops now part of a multinational force camped
  out in the desert to guard the
• Saudi kingdom from any new thrust by Iraq.
• In a letter to President Hashemi Rafsanjani of
  Iran, read by a broadcaster over
• Baghdad radio, Saddam said he will begin
  withdrawing troops from Iranian
• territory a week from tomorrow and release
  Iranian prisoners of war.
• Iran said an Iraqi diplomatic delegation was en
  route to Tehran to deliver
• Saddam's message, which it said it would review
  with optimism.''

20
SLINK
SLINK or Subordination Link is used for contexts
introducing relations between two events, or an
event and a signal, of the following sort
Factive Certain verbs introduce an entailment
(or presupposition) of the argument's veracity.
They include forget in the tensed complement,
regret, manage John forgot that he was in
Boston last year. Mary regrets that she didn't
marry John. Counterfactive The event
introduces a presupposition about the
non-veracity of its argument forget (to), unable
to (in past tense), prevent, cancel, avoid,
decline, etc. John forgot to buy some wine.
John prevented the divorce. Evidential
Evidential relations are introduced by REPORTING
or PERCEPTION John said he bought some wine.
Mary saw John carrying only beer. Negative
evidential Introduced by REPORTING (and
PERCEPTION?) events conveying negative polarity
John denied he bought only beer.
21
Subordinated Links 1

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• Iraq's Saddam Hussein, facing U.S. and Arab
  troops at the Saudi
• border, today sought peace on another front by
  promising to withdraw from Iranian
• territory and release soldiers captured
• during the Iran-Iraq war. Also today, King
  Hussein of Jordan arrived in
• Washington seeking to mediate the Persian Gulf
  crisis. President Bush on
• Tuesday said the United States may extend its
  naval quarantine to Jordan's
• Red Sea port of Aqaba to shut off Iraq's last
  unhindered trade route.
• In another mediation effort, the Soviet Union
  said today it had
• sent an envoy to the Middle East on a series of
  stops to include
• Baghdad. Soviet officials also said Soviet women,
  children and
• invalids would be allowed to leave Iraq.

22
Subordinated Links 2

• President Bush today denounced Saddam's ruinous
  policies of war,'' and
• said the United States is striking a blow for
  the principle that might does
• not make right.''
• In a speech delivered at the Pentagon, Bush
  seemed to suggest
• that American forces could be in the gulf region
  for some time.
• No one should doubt our staying power or
  determination,'' he said.
• The U.S. military buildup in Saudi Arabia
  continued at fever pace, with Syrian
• troops now part of a multinational force camped
  out in the desert to guard the
• Saudi kingdom from any new thrust by Iraq.
• In a letter to President Hashemi Rafsanjani of
  Iran, read by a broadcaster over
• Baghdad radio, Saddam said he will begin
  withdrawing troops from Iranian
• territory a week from tomorrow and release
  Iranian prisoners of war.
• Iran said an Iraqi diplomatic delegation was en
  route to Tehran to deliver
• Saddam's message, which it said it would review
  with optimism.''

23
Reported Speech 1

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• Iraq's Saddam Hussein, facing U.S. and Arab
  troops at the Saudi
• border, today sought peace on another front by
  promising to withdraw from Iranian
• territory and release soldiers captured during
  the Iran-Iraq war. Also today, King
• Hussein of Jordan arrived in Washington seeking
  to mediate the Persian Gulf crisis.
• President Bush on Tuesday said the United States
  may extend its naval quarantine
• to Jordan's Red Sea port of Aqaba to shut off
  Iraq's last unhindered trade route.
• In another mediation effort, the Soviet Union
  said today it had sent an envoy to the
• Middle East on a series of stops to include
  Baghdad. Soviet officials also
• said Soviet women, children and invalids would be
  allowed to leave Iraq.

24
Reported Speech 2

• President Bush today denounced Saddam's ruinous
  policies of war,'' and
• said the United States is striking a blow for
  the principle that might does
• not make right.''
• In a speech delivered at the Pentagon, Bush
  seemed to suggest that American forces
• could be in the gulf region for some time.
• No one should doubt our staying power or
  determination,'' he said.
• The U.S. military buildup in Saudi Arabia
  continued at fever pace, with Syrian
• troops now part of a multinational force camped
  out in the desert to guard the
• Saudi kingdom from any new thrust by Iraq.
• In a letter to President Hashemi Rafsanjani of
  Iran, read by a broadcaster over
• Baghdad radio, Saddam said he will begin
  withdrawing troops from Iranian
• territory a week from tomorrow and release
  Iranian prisoners of war.
• Iran said an Iraqi diplomatic delegation was en
  route to Tehran to deliver
• Saddam's message, which it said it would review
  with optimism.''

25
ALINK
ALINK or Aspectual Link represent the
relationship between an aspectual event and its
argument event. Examples of the possible
aspectual relations we will encode are 1.
Initiation John started to read. 2.
Culmination John finished assembling the
table. 3. Termination John stopped talking. 4.
Continuation John kept talking.
26
Aspectual Links 1

• AP-NR-08-15-90 1337EDT
• Iraq's Saddam Hussein, facing U.S. and Arab
  troops at the Saudi
• border, today sought peace on another front by
  promising to withdraw from Iranian
• territory and release soldiers captured
• during the Iran-Iraq war. Also today, King
  Hussein of Jordan arrived in
• Washington seeking to mediate the Persian Gulf
  crisis. President Bush on
• Tuesday said the United States may extend its
  naval quarantine to Jordan's
• Red Sea port of Aqaba to shut off Iraq's last
  unhindered trade route.
• In another mediation effort, the Soviet Union
  said today it had
• sent an envoy to the Middle East on a series of
  stops to include
• Baghdad. Soviet officials also said Soviet women,
  children and
• invalids would be allowed to leave Iraq.

27
Aspectual Links 2

• President Bush today denounced Saddam's ruinous
  policies of war,'' and
• said the United States is striking a blow for
  the principle that might does
• not make right.''
• In a speech delivered at the Pentagon, Bush
  seemed to suggest
• that American forces could be in the gulf region
  for some time.
• No one should doubt our staying power or
  determination,'' he said.
• The U.S. military buildup in Saudi Arabia
  continued at fever pace, with Syrian
• troops now part of a multinational force camped
  out in the desert to guard the
• Saudi kingdom from any new thrust by Iraq.
• In a letter to President Hashemi Rafsanjani of
  Iran, read by a broadcaster over
• Baghdad radio, Saddam said he will begin
  withdrawing troops from Iranian
• territory a week from tomorrow and release
  Iranian prisoners of war.
• Iran said an Iraqi diplomatic delegation was en
  route to Tehran to deliver
• Saddam's message, which it said it would review
  with optimism.''

28
TLINK

• Also today, King Hussein of Jordan arrived in
  Washington.
• ltTIMEX3 tid"t1" typeDATE" value1990-08-15"gt
• today
• lt/TIMEX3gt
• King Hussein of Jordan
• ltEVENT eid"e1" class"OCCURRENCE"gt
• arrived
• lt/EVENTgt
• ltMAKEINSTANCE eiid"ei1" eventID"e1"
  tensePAST aspectNONE negationfalse/gt
• In Washington
• ltTLINK timeIDt1 relatedToEventei1
  relTypeIS_INCLUDED/gt

29
SLINK

• by promising to withdraw
• by
• ltEVENT eid"e1" class"I_ACTIONgt
• promising
• lt/EVENTgt
• ltMAKEINSTANCE eiid"ei1" eventID"e1 tense
  nil aspect PROG/gt
• ltSLINK eventInstanceID"ei1" signalID"s1"
  subordinatedEvent"ei2 relType"MODAL"/gt
• ltSIGNAL sid"s1"gt to lt/SIGNALgt
• ltEVENT eid"e2" class"OCCURRENCE" gt
• withdraw
• lt/EVENTgt
• ltMAKEINSTANCE eiid"ei2" eventID"e2 tensenil
  aspectNONE/gt

30
ALINK

• He will begin withdrawing troops from Iranian
  territory
• He
• will
• ltEVENT eid"e1" classASPECTUAL"gt
• begin
• lt/EVENTgt
• ltMAKEINSTANCE eiid"ei1" eventID"e1"
  tensePAST aspectNONE negationfalse/gt
• ltEVENT eid"e1" classOCCURRENCE"gt
• withdrawing
• lt/EVENTgt
• ltMAKEINSTANCE eiid"ei2" eventID"e2" tensenil
  aspectPROG negationfalse/gt
• ltALINK eventInstanceID"ei1" signalID"s1"
  relatedToEvent"ei2 relType"INITIATE"/gt

31
Motivating TimeML

• MakeInstance Instances of event descriptions
• Negation An attribute of MakeInstance
• Modality An attribute of MakeInstance
• TLINK
• Anchoring events to times
• Ordering events relative to each other
• Ordering times relative to each other
• ALINK phases of events
• SLINK Events subordinating another event

32
MAKEINSTANCE 1.1

• (1) must not teach twice
• must not
• ltEVENT eide1 classOCCURRENCEgt
• teach
• lt/EVENTgt
• ltSIGNAL sids1gt
• twice
• lt/SIGNALgt
• ltMAKEINSTANCE eiidei1 eventIDe1
  tensePRESENT aspectNONE negationtrue
  modalityMUST signalIDs1 cardinality2/gt

33
MAKEINSTANCE 1.1

• (2) taught on Tuesday but not on Friday
• ltEVENT eide1 classOCCURRENCEgt taught
  lt/EVENTgt
• ltSIGNAL sids1gt on lt/SIGNALgt
• ltTIMEX3 tidt1 typeDATE valueXXXX-WXX-2gt
  Tuesday lt/TIMEX3gt
• but not
• ltSIGNAL sids2gt on lt/SIGNALgt
• ltTIMEX3 tidt2 typeDATE valueXXXX-WXX-5gt
  Friday lt/TIMEX3gt
• ltMAKEINSTANCE eiidei1 eventIDe1
  tensePAST aspectNONE negationfalse/gt
• ltMAKEINSTANCE eiidei2 eventIDe1
  tensePAST aspectNONE negationtrue/gt
• ltTLINK eventInstanceID"ei1" signalID"s1"relatedT
  oTime"t1" relType"IS_INCLUDED"/gt
• ltTLINK eventInstanceID"ei2" signalID"s2"
  relatedToTime"t2" relType"IS_INCLUDED"/gt

34
TIMEX3 1.1 -- Sets

• New TIMEX3 type SET
• New attributes
• quant quantification over the set
• freq frequency within the set
• (3) three days every month
• ltTIMEX3 tidt1 typeSET valueP1M
  quantEVERY freqP3Dgt
• three days every month
• lt/TIMEX3gt

35
TIMEX3 1.1 -- SET Examples

• (4) twice a month
• ltTIMEX3 tidt1 typeSET valueP1M
  freqP2Xgt
• twice a month
• lt/TIMEX3gt
• (5) daily
• ltTIMEX3 tidt1 typeSET valueP1D
  quantEVERYgt
• daily
• lt/TIMEX3gt

36
TIMEX3 1.1 -- Anchored Durations

• Usage 1 Explicit duration with specified begin
  point or end point within the text
• Result Non-consuming TIMEX3 for unspecified
  begin or end point
• Usage 2 Implicit duration with specified begin
  point and end point within the text
• Result Non-consuming TIMEX3 for unspecified
  duration

37
TIMEX3 1.1 -- Durations Examples

• Usage 1 -- Explicit Duration
• (6) two weeks from June 7, 2003
• ltTIMEX3 tid"t6" type"DURATION" value"P2W"
  beginPointt61 endPointt62gt
• two weeks
• lt/TIMEX3gt
• ltSIGNAL sids1gt
• from
• lt/SIGNALgt
• ltTIMEX3 tidt61 typeDATE value2003-06-07gt
• June 7, 2003
• lt/TIMEX3gt
• ltTIMEX3 tidt62 typeDATE value2003-06-21
  temporalFunctiontrue anchorTimeIDt6/gt

38
TIMEX3 1.1 -- Durations Examples

• Usage 2 -- Implicit Duration
• (7) 1992 through 1995
• ltTIMEX3 tidt71 typeDATE value1992gt
• 1992
• lt/TIMEX3
• ltSIGNAL sids1gt
• through
• lt/SIGNALgt
• ltTIMEX3 tidt72 typeDATE value1995gt
• 1995
• lt/TIMEX3gt
• ltTIMEX3 tidt7 typeDURATION valueP4Y
  beginPointt71 endPointt72
  temporalFunctiontrue/gt

39
TimeML Example 1
The young industry's rapid growth also is
attracting regulators eager to police its many
facets. The young industry's rapid ltEVENT
eid"e1" class"OCCURRENCE"gt growth
lt/EVENTgt also is ltEVENT eid"e2"
class"OCCURRENCE"gt attracting
lt/EVENTgt regulators ltEVENT eid"e4"
class"I_STATE"gt eager lt/EVENTgt to ltEVENT
eid"e5" class"OCCURRENCE"gt police
lt/EVENTgt its many facets.
40
TimeML Example 2
Israel will ask the United States to delay a
military strike against Iraq until the Jewish
state is fully prepared for a possible Iraqi
attack. Israel will ltEVENT eid"e1"
class"I_ACTION"gt ask lt/EVENTgt the United States
to ltEVENT eid"e2" class"I_ACTION"gt
delay lt/EVENTgt a military ltEVENT eid"e3"
class"OCCURRENCE"gt strike lt/EVENTgt against
Iraq until the Jewish state is fully ltEVENT
eid"e4" class"I_STATE"gt prepared lt/EVENTgt for a
possible Iraqi ltEVENT eid"e5" class"OCCURRENCE"gt
attack lt/EVENTgt
41
TLINK

• TLINK or Temporal Link represents the temporal
  relationship holding between events or between an
  event and a time, and establishes a link between
  the involved entities, making explicit if they
  are
• Simultaneous (happening at the same time)
• Identical (referring to the same event)
• John drove to Boston. During his drive he ate a
  donut.
• One before the other
• The police looked into the slayings of 14
  women.
• In six of the cases suspects have already been
  arrested.
• One after the other
• One immediately before the other
• All passengers died when the plane crashed into
  the mountain.
• One immediately after than the other
• One including the other
• John arrived in Boston last Thursday.
• One being included in the other
• One exhaustively during the duration of the
  other
• John taught for 20 minutes.
• One being the beginning of the other
• John was in the gym between 600 p.m. and 700
  p.m.
• One being begun by the other

42
TLINK Example 1
(4) John taught 20 minutes every Monday.
John ltEVENT eid"e1" class"OCCURRENCE"gt taught
lt/EVENTgt ltMAKEINSTANCE eiid"ei1" eventID"e1"
tensePAST aspectNONE negationfalse/gt ltTIM
EX3 tid"t1" type"DURATION" value"P20TM"gt 20
minutes lt/TIMEX3gt ltTIMEX3 tidt2 typeSET
valuexxxx-wxx-1 quantEVERYgt every
Monday lt/TIMEX3gt ltTLINK timeIDt1
relatedToTimet2 relTypeIS_INCLUDED/gt ltTLINK
eventInstanceID"ei1" relatedToTime"t1"
relTypeDURING"/gt
43
TLINK Example 2
(8) John taught twice on Monday but only once on
Tuesday. John ltEVENT eide1 classOCCURRENCEgt
taught lt/EVENTgt ltSIGNAL sids1gt twice
lt/SIGNALgt ltSIGNAL sids2gt on lt/SIGNALgt ltTIMEX3
tidt1 typeDATE valuexxxx-wxx-1gt Monday lt/
TIMEX3gt but only ltSIGNAL sids3gt once lt/SIGNALgt
ltSIGNAL sids4gt on lt/SIGNALgt ltTIMEX3 tidt2
typeDATE valuexxxx-wxx-2gt Tuesday lt/TIMEX3gt
ltMAKEINSTANCE eiidei1 eventIDe1
tensePAST aspectNONE negationfalse
signalIDs1 cardinality2/gt ltMAKEINSTANCE
eiidei2 eventIDe1 tensePAST
aspectNONE negationfalse signalIDs3
cardinality1/gt ltTLINK eventInstanceIDei1
signalIDs2 relatedToTimet1
relTypeIS_INCLUDED/gt ltTLINK eventInstanceIDei
2 signalIDs4 relatedToTimet2
relTypeIS_INCLUDED/gt
44
ALINK Example
(17) The boat began to sink. The boat ltEVENT
eid"e1" class"ASPECTUAL" gt began lt/EVENTgt ltMAKEI
NSTANCE eiid"ei1" eventID"e1 tensePAST
aspectNONE negationfalse /gt ltSIGNAL
sid"s1"gt to lt/SIGNALgt ltEVENT eid"e2"
class"OCCURRENCE" gt sink lt/EVENTgt ltMAKEINSTANCE
eiid"ei2" eventID"e2 tensenil aspectNONE
negationfalse /gt ltALINK eventInstanceID"ei1"
signalID"s1" relatedToEvent"ei2
relType"INITIATES"/gt
45
SLINK Example 1
Bill wants to teach on Monday. Bill ltEVENT
eid"e1" class"I_STATEgt wants lt/EVENTgt ltMAKEINST
ANCE eiid"ei1" eventID"e1 tense PRESENT
aspect NONE/gt ltSLINK eventInstanceID"ei1"
signalID"s1" subordinatedEvent"ei2
relType"MODAL"/gt ltSIGNAL sid"s1"gt to
lt/SIGNALgt ltEVENT eid"e2" class"OCCURRENCE"
gt teach lt/EVENTgt ltMAKEINSTANCE eiid"ei2"
eventID"e2 tensenil aspectNONE/gt ltSIGNAL
sid"s2"gt on lt/SIGNALgt ltTIMEX3 tid"t1"
type"DATE" temporalFunction"true"
value"XXXX-WXX-1"gt Monday lt/TIMEX3gt ltTLINK
eventInstanceID"ei2" relatedToTime"t1"
relType"IS_INCLUDED"/gt
46
Tuesday Summary