Policy Making Process, White House

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Policy Making Process,White House

• American Foreign Policy,
• Touro College Berlin
• March 2007

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Part lChapter 4- outline

• The elements of presidential power.
• The paradox of presidential power.
• The problem of presidential governance.
• The post cold war presidency thesis.
• Affairs in office since the 1960s.

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Presidential Power and LeadershipConstitutional
rules

• Commander in chief.
• Chief diplomat.
• Chief administrator.
• Chief of state.
• Chief legislator.
• Voice of the people.
• Chief judicial officer.

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Presidential Power-Limits and Constraints

• Time.
• 2. Information.
• 3. Bureaucracy.
• 4. Congress.
• 5. State and local Governments.
• 6. Political Parties.
• 7. Media.
• 8.Public Opinion.
• 9. The global context.

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The Paradox of Presidential Power

• It is commonly thought that the president has
  almost unlimited power.
• In fact, though leading 7 most valuable offices,
  the president has to meet the expectations of the
  Congress and the Senate.
• Congress can impeach, overrule vetoes.
• Beginning is easy, but then each decision is
  checked and criticized.

Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson
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Presidential Life cycle

• Elected- strong and influential.
• Honeymoon with Congress and Media.
• Affairs in office affect public approval.
• Since Vietnam, the majority party of Congress is
  different than the elected president's.
• During time, usually, public support declines and
  then the president can exercise power less
  efficiently.

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Support In President George W. Bush
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Crisis of Governance/ Leadership

• President is elected to Govern.
• However, since Vietnam the Congress is led by the
  opposite party to the presidents.
• This makes exercising power difficult and
  limited.
• Lyndon Johnson You cant get anything through
  when half of the Congress is thinking how to beat
  you.

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President Leadership

• Strong leaders exercise power easier.
• A president that commands- fails.
• A president that persuade- succeeds.
• 3 Elements
• 1. Professional Reputation- affects the way other
  politicians judge the presidents actions.
• 2. Public Prestige is mainly counted for in
  federal bureaus, Congress or Media.
• 3. Choices- the President eventually decides to
  which advisor to listen and how to act.

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Electoral Mandate

• When being new in office, whether first or second
  term, the President claims to have electoral
  mandate.
• This means that all his decisions, actions and
  moves are according to the peoples desire- they
  recently approved him, so he can do almost
  everything he claimed in his propaganda.
• This changes with time, sooner or later.

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The Post Cold War Presidency Thesis

• Vietnam and Watergate symbolized the end of the
  US as a global dominator in international
  politics.
• Media became more critical, public more cynical.
• Constraints on President ability to run foreign
  policy increased, and Congress since then is
  always opposition.
• The USA does not unite again one common
  characteristic- Anti Communism.

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Imperial Presidency

• Management Theory considered to start with
  President Lyndon Johnson(1963).
• Means that the people holding high positions in
  federal offices feel directly committed to the
  President himself.
• The President is surrounded by experts and
  advisors, such as The National Security Council
  and The office of Management and Budget.

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Prerogative Power- Excessive PowerAccording to
Richard Pious

• Gives the President almost unlimited power.
• The maximum the constitution permits.
• Using power during Crisis- using powers as
  national security/ national interest.
• May be used in emergencies Lincoln (Civil
  War),Roosevelt (WW2) and Bush (2003) .
• Shouldnt be used for domestic issues.
• Risk if misused- losing power dramatically.

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22th Amendment

• No President since Roosevelt can serve more than
  2 terms.
• In this way the re-elected President is
  considered to be a Lame Duck- he is not seeking
  political power and therefore has less influence.
• Presidents in the US usually become lame ducks in
  the few months before the end of their second
  term.

FDR 12 Years
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Tet Offensive 1968

• The Attack of the Viet-Kong January-June 1968,
  including taking US embassy in Saigon under
  siege.
• Results were over 4,300 casualties and over
  13,000 injured.
• It changed peoples support for the war to a very
  low level.
• It was the first time the media had real time
  influence on the public opinion.
• The US decided not to recruit reserves and to
  look for the end of the war.
• Caused President Johnson to withdraw from re-
  elections.

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Watergate 1972-4

• President Nixon approved demolition of documents
  relating crimes made by the US in Vietnam and in
  South-East Asia.
• This was discovered when wiring equipment was
  discovered in Watergates complex in Washington
  underground parking.
• Investigation started, first against the 7
  Plumbers who used the wiring equipment.
• Tapes of President Nixon saying the CIA should
  interrupt with the FBI investigation were
  recorded and made public by the media.
• Nixon resigned in August 1974, and pardoned by
  his successor- Ford.

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Hostage Crisis 1979

• Tehran, 4th November 1979- January 20th 1981.
• 63 diplomats and 3 citizens were captured by a
  group of militant students.
• Operation Eagle Claw to release them failed and
  resulted the death of 8 marines soldiers.
• It is considered to be one of the reasons that
  Jimmy Carter was not reelected in 1980.
• The Hostages were finally released after the
  Algerian Treaties that assured US would not
  intervene in internal Iranian affairs.

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Iran Contra Affair 1985-6

• The US wanted to release some hostages in return
  for some weapons.
• Israel gave some weapons but only one hostage was
  released.
• Then, the US transferred some 1000 TOW missiles
  for the release.
• The money received was used to support the
  Contras, a guerilla organization against the
  leftist Sandinista government of Nicaragua.
• Reagan appeared on TV and denied any involvement
  of the US in selling weapons to Iranians.
• A week after he admitted there was a deal with
  the Iranians, but the money received was not
  transferred to the Contras.
• Tower Committee did not find President Reagan
  guilty, and the Media called it Teflon
  Presidency.
• Reagan had a hard time finishing his term, 25th
  amendment was considered

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Monica Lewinsky Affair 1998

• Bill Clinton denied any sexual relationship with
  M. Lewinsky.
• After it turned out as a lie, and Clinton
  admitted having an improper relation with her,
  he was impeached the same day- August 17th 1998.
• Senate did not trial him, and he was acquitted at
  January 1999.

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Timeline of Affairs

• 1960-1963 JFK.
• 1963-1968 Lyndon Johnson, did not run for
  re-election.
• 1969-1974 Richard Nixon- Watergate.
• 1974-1977 Gerald Ford- Pardoned Nixon.
• 1977-1981 Jimmy Carter- Hostage Crisis.
• 1981- 1989 Ronald Reagan- Iran Contra Affair.
• 1989-1992 George H. Bush- Golf War.
• 1992-2000 Bill Clinton- Monica Lewinsky affair.
• 2000-2007 George W. Bush- War on Terror???

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Part II

• Continue by
• Serge Zekian

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• Table of Contents
• The Bureaucracy
• Presidential Management
• The National Security Council

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The Presidents Beliefs about

• The Nature of the World
• Americas role within the Nature of the World

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Much of the Governments Foreign Policy is made
and carried out by the Bureaucracy
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The Presidents ability to govern is heavily
dependent on the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy, yet
the Bureaucracy is so large and complex that it
is very difficult to control.
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Presidential Governance, therefore, requires that
Presidents be not only strong political leaders
but strong managers as well.
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• The more successful a President is in managing
  the Bureaucratic constraints and the greater his
  ability to exercise power.

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• Three Major aspects of the Bureaucracy complicate
  the Presidents task of its Management and
  Administration
• Size
• Complexity
• Historical Development

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Bureaucratic Size

• Over five million personnel
• Located in thirteen major departments and
  hundreds of other organizations and agencies
• Spend over 1 Trillion a year on thousands of
  programs and policies throughout the U.S. And the
  World.

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Bureaucratic Size

• The Department of Defense (DOD)
• Devoted to Foreign affairs
• The Department of State
• The Agency for International Development
• The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

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Bureaucratic Size

• There are many agencies that most people have
  probably never heard about or do not realize are
  involved in Foreign Policy.
• Within the Office of the White House
• The office of Science and Technology Policy
• The Office of National Drug Control Policy

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Bureaucratic Size

• The Department of Transportation
• The U.S. Coast Guard
• The Department of Justice
• The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
• The Drug Enforcement Agency
• The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)

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Bureaucratic Size

• The Environmental Protection Agency
• The Federal Maritime Commission
• The African Development Foundation
• The Inter-American Foundation
• The U.S. Institute for Peace
• The Department of Education
• The Department of Health and Human Services

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Bureaucratic Size

• The Federal Communications Commission
• The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

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Bureaucratic Size

• The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United
  States
• The Japan-United States Friendship Commission
• The Presidents Foreign Intelligence Advisory
  Board
• The Textile Trade Policy Group
• The Trade Policy Committee

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Bureaucratic Size

• The Department of Defense (DOD) is the Largest of
  all
• Employs over three milion civilian and military
  personnel throughout the world
• Spends over 300 Billion a year

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DOD
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Bureaucratic Complexity

• Some Organizations are large others are tiny,
  each Organization has its own set of goals and
  missions others have very few functions.

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Bureaucratic Complexity

• Many times the tasks of different organizations
  overlap, thereby performing functions that often
  force them to compete with each other.

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Bureaucratic Complexity

• The degree to which various organizations have
  different levels of autonomy from presidential
  authority.

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Historical Development

• Two hundred years ago the U.S. Government was
  tiny compared to what it is today it was
  composed of
• The President
• Vice President
• A small personal staff
• And four small departments

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• State
• Treasury
• War
• Justice

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• Bureaucratic growth has taken place in three
  successive waves
• The New Deal legislation of the 1930s under
  President Franklin Roosevelt
• Took place in National security and foreign
  affairs during World War II and the cold war
  under presidents Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and
  Dwight Eisenhower
• Occured with President Lyndon Johnsons Great
  Society programs of the 1960s

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National Security Act of 1947

• 1.The military
• 2.Intelligence
• 3.National security advice to the president

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Presidential Management

• Three sets of presidential choices are vitalin
  determining the presidents ability to manage the
  foreign policy bureaucracy they involve
• The presidents foreign policy orientation,
  agenda, and level of involvement
• The apointment of executive branch personnel
• The organization of the foreign policy-making
  process

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The Presidents Orientation

• Presidents try to set goals and promote policies
  that reflect their foreign policy orientation and
  agenda.
• This is critical because the role of the
  bureaucracy is too important to be left to
  chance a president must be attentive to and
  actively involved in the bureaucracys operations
  so as to ensure that U.S. foreign policy during
  his administration accords with his preferences.

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Agenda

• The president can never gain complete mastery
  over the entire bureaucracy, the bureaucracy will
  be most responsive to those issues and agenda
  items that he most prizes and is most active in
  promoting.

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Appointment Of Staff And Advisers

• Personal Presidential Staff
• Major Policy Advisers
• High level officials responsible for other
  cabinet departments and executive agencies

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Appointment of Staff and Advisers

• Six key foreign policy appointments stand out
• 1.Special assistant to the president for national
  security affairs
• 2.Secretary of state
• 3.Secretary of Defense
• 4.Director of the CIA
• 5.Special assistant to the president for economic
  affairs
• 6.Secretary of the treasury

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Appointment of Staff And Advisers

• 1.Law
• 2.Business
• 3.Politics and government
• 4.Academia and research institutes

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Presidents Major Staff and Foreign Advisers

• Vice President
• Chief of Staff
• Senior Adviser and Assistant to the President
• White House Counselor
• Press Secretary
• National Security Adviser
• National Economic Adviser
• Secretary of State
• Secretary of Defense
• Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff
• Director of Central Intelligence
• Secretary of the Treasury

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Staff
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White House Staff and Offices
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Management Styles

• The Nixon-Kissinger System
• Carters Foreign Policy System
• Reagans Early Foreign Policy System
• Bush Sr.s Foreign Policy System
• Clintons Foreign Policy System
• Bush Jr.s Foreign Policy System

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Types of Foreign Policy Presidents

• 1.A national security president
• 2.A foreign economic president
• 3.A foreign policy novice

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Any Questions?????
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Thank YouFor your Attention!