April 25

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ANZAC DAY
April 25
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(No Transcript)
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What is ANZAC?
ANZAC Australia and New Zealand Army Corps
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What is ANZAC DAY?

• On 25 April 1915 Australia and New Zealand were
  at war. Along with the Allies the ANZACs were
  fighting against the Central Powers.
• In response to a request for help from Russia,
  which was being battered by the Turks in the
  Caucasus, the Allies decided to begin a campaign
  which they hoped would distract Turkey from their
  attack on Russia.
• The plan was for the Allies to attack and take
  the Gallipoli Peninsula, on Turkey's Aegean
  coast, from which point the Allies believed they
  could take control of the Dardanelles - a 67
  kilometer (42 mile) strait which connects the
  Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara - and lay
  siege to Turkey's main city, Istanbul (then
  Constantinople).
• As part of the larger British Empire contingent
  the ANZACs were brought in from training in Egypt
  to participate. The ANZACs comprised the 1st
  Australian Division and the composite New Zealand
  and Australian Division. On 25 April 1915, the
  ANZACs landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula.

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WHAT WENT WRONG?

• Instead of finding the flat beach they expected,
  they found they had been landed at an incorrect
  position and faced steep cliffs and constant
  barrages of enemy fire and shelling. Around
  20,000 soldiers landed on the beach over the next
  two days to face a well organized, well armed,
  large Turkish force determined to defend their
  country. Thousands of Australian and New Zealand
  men died in the hours and days that followed the
  landing at that beach. The beach would eventually
  come to be known as Anzac Cove.
• What followed the landing at Gallipoli is a story
  of courage and endurance, of death, and despair,
  of poor leadership from London, and unsuccessful
  strategies. The ANZACs and the Turks dug in -
  literally - digging kilometers of trenches, and
  pinned down each other's forces with sniper fire
  and shelling. Pinned down with their backs to the
  water the ANZACs were unable to make much headway
  against the home-country force.
• While political leaders argued weather the
  campaign should be continued, the Australian and
  New Zealand soldiers died in battle, from sniper
  fire and shelling, and those that lived suffered
  from a range of ailments due to their dreadful
  living conditions - typhus, lice, gangrene, lack
  of fresh water, poor quality food, and poor
  sanitary conditions all took their toll.  

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The Withdrawal

• Eventually it was decided that the Allied troops
  would be withdrawn from the Peninsula the
  attempt to control the Dardanelles had failed.
  The ANZACs were evacuated and returned to the
  Middle East and the Western Front where they were
  involved in other battles.
• The Gallipoli campaign was an enormous failure, a
  failure bought at the cost of an enormous number
  of lives, and the failure led to the resignation
  of senior politicians in London. Thousands of
  Australian and New Zealand soldiers had died, and
  thousands of other Allied troops from France and
  Britain also died.
• An ANZAC commemorative location has been built at
  Gallipoli in conjunction with both the Australian
  and New Zealand governments and with the
  approval of the Turkish government.

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Simpson and his Donkey

• Of the many examples of sheer courage, the most
  remembered must be that of
• "Simpson and his Donkey".
• Jack (John) Simpson Kirkpatrick, was born in
  1892 and learned all about donkeys on the sands
  of South Shields (England) as a boy. In Perth on
  23rd August 1914, Jack was accepted and chosen as
  a field ambulance stretcher bearer. He joined the
  3rd Field Ambulance at Blackboy Hill camp, 35 km
  east of Perth on the same day. During his
  twenty-four days of donkey trips, Simpson single
  handedly rescued around three hundred wounded
  soldiers by bringing them down Monash Valley on
  the backs of donkeys. On the morning of 19 May,
  42 000 Turkish soldiers launched an all-out
  attack against the 17 356 strong Anzac line, in
  attempt to drive the invaders back into the sea.
  The Turks were caught out in the open and lost 3
  000 men with 10 000 wounded in repeated attacks
  over open ground. The Anzacs lost only 168 men.
  Jack had just collected a casualty and was coming
  back down Monash Valley when he was hit and
  killed by a machine gun bullet in the back. He
  was buried amongst great gloom by the soldiers
  who had much admired his bravery, and his grave
  was marked with a simple wooden cross. He become
  one of Australias most famous, and best-loved
  military heroes.  

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Simpson and his donkey
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ANZAC BISCUTS (COOKIES)

• There are a few theories on the origins of ANZAC
  biscuits, but it is certain that they came about
  during the First World War, around 1914/15.
• Some say that they started as biscuits made by
  the Troops in the trenches with provisions they
  had at hand to relieve the boredom of their
  battle rations. And some say they came about due
  to resourceful of the women on the "home front"
  in an endeavour to make a treat for their loved
  ones that would survive the long journey by post
  to the war front.
• There is even the suggestion that they originated
  from Scottish Oatmeal Cakes which is entirely
  possible. Whatever the origin, they have won the
  hearts of all Aussies the globe over as the
  pseudo National Biscuit.

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ANZAC BISCUITS (COOKIES)

• Recipe
• Ingredients
• 1 cup plain flour
• 1 cup rolled oats (regular oatmeal) uncooked
• 1 cup desiccated coconut
• 1 cup brown sugar
• 1/2 cup butter
• 2 tbsp golden syrup (or honey)
• 1 tsp bicarbonate of soda
• 2 tbsp boiling water
• Method
• Combine the flour (sifted), oats, coconut and
  sugar in a bowl.
• Melt the butter and Golden Syrup (or honey) in a
  saucepan over a low heat..
• Mix the bicarbonate of soda with the water and
  add to the butter and Golden Syrup.
• Pour the liquids into the dry ingredients and mix
  well.
• Spoon dollops of mixture, about the size of a
  walnut shell, onto a greased tin leaving as much
  space again between dollops to allow for
  spreading.
• Bake in a moderate oven, 180C / 350F, for 15-20
  minutes.
• Cool on a wire rack and seal in airtight
  containers.
• Tips

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Early Commemorations

• The date, 25 April, was officially named ANZAC
  Day in 1916 in that year it was marked by a wide
  variety of ceremonies and services in Australia,
  a march through London, and a sports day in the
  Australian camp in Egypt. In London, over 2,000
  Australian and New Zealand troops marched through
  the streets of the city. A London newspaper
  headline dubbed them "The knights of Gallipoli".
  Marches were held all over Australia in 1916.
  Wounded soldiers from Gallipoli attended the
  Sydney march in convoys of cars, attended by
  nurses. For the remaining years of the war, ANZAC
  Day was used as an occasion for patriotic rallies
  and recruiting campaigns, and parades of serving
  members of the AIF were held in most cities.
• During the 1920s, ANZAC Day became established as
  a national day of commemoration for the 60,000
  Australians who died during the war. By the
  mid-1930s all the rituals we today associate with
  the day - dawn vigils, marches, memorial
  services, reunions, sly two-up games - were
  firmly established as part of ANZAC Day culture.
• With the coming of the Second World War, ANZAC
  Day became a day on which to commemorate the
  lives of Australians lost in that war as well,
  and in subsequent years the meaning of the day
  has been further broadened to include Australians
  killed in all the military operations in which
  Australia has been involved.
• ANZAC Day was first commemorated at the
  Australian War Memorial in 1942, but due to
  government orders preventing large public
  gatherings in case of Japanese air attack, it was
  a small affair and was neither a march nor a
  memorial service. ANZAC Day has been annually
  commemorated at the Australian War Memorial ever
  since.

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What it means today

• Australians recognise 25 April as an occasion of
  national commemoration. Commemorative services
  are held at dawn, the time of the original
  landing, across the nation. Later in the day
  ex-servicemen and women meet and join in marches
  through the major cities and many smaller
  centres. Almost every town has a commemorative
  service of some kind. It is a day when
  Australians reflect on the many different
  meanings of war.
• Each year the commemorations follow a pattern
  that is familiar to each generation of
  Australians. A typical ANZAC Day service contains
  the following features introduction, hymn,
  prayer, an address, laying of wreaths,
  recitation, "The last post", a period of silence,
  "The rouse" or "The reveille", and the National
  Anthem. At the Australian War Memorial, following
  events such as the ANZAC Day and Remembrance Day
  services, families often place red poppies beside
  the names of relatives on the Memorial's Roll of
  Honor.

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Two - up

• Two-up is Australias national gambling game. It
  involves 2 or 3 coins being tossed into the air
  and surrounding players betting upon the result.
  ANZAC day is the only day it is legal to play two
  up within Australia.
• To stage a game required a quiet spot, with a
  flat area big enough for an 18- or 20-foot radius
  circle clearly etched in the dirt. This was done
  with twine, with two loops, one at each end,
  using bayonets to mark the circle.

Australian Soldiers playing two-up, Ypres, 1917
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Two up rules (abbreviated)

• The boxer or manager of the game sat with his
  coins, kips, string and money tray in the place
  where he could view the whole ring clearly.
• The ringie, who was usually a friend who
  volunteered, ran the centre of the ring.
• When the game was about to commence, there would
  be a number of people around and outside the
  circle. The boxer would call and ask for a
  spinner.
• The kip would then hold two or three pennies,
  depending on the game. (Some of the kips were
  smooth, with no ridges in the wood. It was
  illegal for anyone to use their fingers two toss
  the coins. Kips often had lips on the various
  kips for right or left handed spinners who were
  not adept at using the smooth kip.
• It was the ringies job to ensure that the coins
  were tossed at least 10 feet into the air, and
  that they spun well and were not feathered in
  any way. If the coins didn't satisfy these
  specifications in his opinion, he would call
  foul toss and catch one of the coins.
• The ringie would place the coins tail up on the
  kip. The call come in spinner was made from
  the box. The spinner then tossed the coins. All
  pennies (whether two or three) had to fall within
  the circle. If one fell outside or on the circle,
  it was declared void by the ringie. The spinner
  then had another turn.
• While this was happening, side bets were allowed
  around the ring. There were two distinct types of
  betting
• betting that the spinner would toss heads or
  tails
• other tail betters would bet 3/1 that heads would
  not be tossed twice.
• In all cases, the bets were held in front of the
  tail better, who covered them in every instance
  before the boxer called come in spinner.
• The spinner had the right to continue spinning
  while ever he tossed heads.

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Prayer for the fallen

• They do not grow old,
• as we that are left grow old,
• age shall not weary them,
• nor the years condemn.
• At the going down of the sun,
• and in the morning,
• we will remember them.
• Lest we forget.

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Submitted by Aaron Kemp

• I am an Australian exchange student (actually an
  exchange RA) at Washington State University. I
  come from the University of New England in
  Armidale New South Wales about 5 hours drive from
  Sydney.
• This bulletin board is designed to commemorate
  ANZAC and some of the traditions and history that
  goes with it.
• If you have any questions or feedback I would
  love to hear it. Email kempy_01_at_yahoo.com.au